India VS Pakistan

what are the 3 origins of conflicts between Pakistan and India

1. 1947 partition (religion)

2. Kashmir

3. East Pakistan/ Bangladesh

1947 partition

Before partition:

India(hindus, 70%) and Pakistan(muslims, 25% in different parts of the state) are in the same state, but divided by British to control them, thus conflicts rose

1920=> Gandhi peaceful process against british rulers

Nehru=> gained India ‘s independence( after 300 years of being colonised) as British were bankrupted after WW2

Mohamed Ali=> wanted a muslim state

1947=> British send Radcliffe to divide India ASAP according to religion, with 5 weeks time and outdated maps, divided country into india (hindus) and East and West Pakistan (muslim)

After partition:

• brutal violence emerge

• 1 million people killed due to diseases, starvation and violence between the 2

• 10/20 million people dislocated, do not know where to live, as muslim were all over india

1947=> Pakistan and India are 2 different independent state (similar to holocaust, as the conditions were very bad)

Kashmir conflicts

Why?

1. kashmir has important water supplies

2. gives boarder to China, its boarders matter military

muslim majority=> Pakistan claims it and attacks it

India helps them if Kashmir would join the india(as the ruler was Indian) and thus India claim it as alone kashmir coudn’t survive the pakistan attack

Kashmir people wanted to be independent

=> 1st Indo-pakistan war (bloody, villages burned and civilians killed)

1948=> UN orders backfire and the conflict in unresolved, each control only a part of it but claim it fully

1965=> 2nd indo-pakistan war due to unresolved part territorial partition, discontent of muslim population and weak india army due to war with China => conflict were ended by UN ceasefire again, and the situation was more or less the same

conflict still present today

East Pakistan=> Bangladesh (1971)

pakistan struggled to communicate with east pakistan due to india

large population (less gov spending but more contribution for economy)

felt not politically represented

=> 1960 => wanted greater autonomy which west pakistan did NOT want to give

1971=>west pakistan army to control situation as they elected an independent politician => attack and atrocities

people migrated to india and the laedership declared independence of bangladesh, formed an army from India and india helped fight against pakistan

in 1971 India attacked East Pakistan (with USSR help), which was undefeandable from the west due to India being in the middle

thus Pakistan attacked india

=> full scale war

India was better off (due to numerical and geographical reason) => BAngladesh independent country rose, and the war prisoners from both sides were realised.

relationship between India and Pakistan during Cold War ?

hostile to each other from the start, due to first partition and then the kashmir wars

Pakistan had close relationship with China and the US (economic and military aid) and resented the USSR

iIndia instead cooperated with the USSR (protection against chinese and US) (despite Nehru non-aligned movement who did not want to participate in the cold war)

they both started testing nuclear powers ( first india)