SSR Lec7 Cr-Th CH4

What is deductive vs inductive argumentation

Assuming the premises are true:

Deductive —> The conclusion will be true

Inductive —> The conclusion is more likely to be true than not

What are inductive generalisations?

Inductive arguments that go from specific —>General or vice versa

What is inductive analogy?

An inductive argument that goes from something specific to something else specific

Deriving ought from is

descriptive premises (what is true now) to prescriptive conclusions (what we should do)

What can the labels ‘valid’ and ‘forceful’ be applied to?

Arguments! Not at individual premises

Objective probability

About the state of the world. (frequency or proportion)

Subjective probability

About your beliefs about the state of the world

Degree of rational expectation

The degree to which you’re entitled to believe something, given the evidence you have

When an argument has 2 premises that use the word “probably”. Is this argument forceful?

No, because there is at least a 25% chance of the conclusion being true, which is too low.

What is needed to reverse conditional probabilities?

Specificity, sensitivity, base rate.

What is the difference between an inductively and a deductively sound argument?

An inductively sound argument may have a false conclusion.

For a deductively sound argument, this is not possible.

Inductive inference

To say that an inference is an inductive inference is to say: (a) it is not deductively valid; (b) its premises include a generalisation about a sample of a given population; and (c) its conclusion extrapolates the generalisation to all or part of the total population from which the sample is drawn.

Logical assessment

judgements of deductive validity and inductive force.

Factual assessment

where we ask after the truth-­ values of premises in determining the soundness of arguments already found to be deductively valid or inductively forceful.