Lecture: Chapter 2 - the chemical level of organization

Synthesis Reaction

Anabolic A+B—->AB

Decomposition Reactions

Catabolic AB—>A+B

Exchange Reactions

AB+CD—>AD+CB

Oxidation

Loss of electrons

Reduction

Gain of electrons

Biochemistry

Study of chemistry of life and the reactions within the body

Organic and inorganic compounds

The two classes of chemicals in the body

Inorganic compounds

No carbon, covalent or ionic, small size

Organic compounds

All contain carbon, covalent, large size

Inorganic compounds include:

Water, salts, acids, bases

Organic compounds include:

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Nucleic acids

DNA, RNA, and ATP

Most important inorganic compound, makes up 55%-60% of body mass in adults

Water

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bonds between separate molecules

Covalent bonds

Hold hydrogen and oxygen atoms together

Properties of water

Temperature regulation, solvent, reactivity, lubricant

Solvent

Dissolves other substances

Temperaute regulation

large amount of water in the body; absorbs lots of heat w/ minimal temperature increase

Lubricant

Cushions and protects organs

Reactivity

Water is involved in many chemical reactions

Dehydration synthesis

Remove water to join monomers

Hydrolysis

Water is added in order to split molecules

Electrolytes

Salts, acids, and bases

Electrolyte function

Ionize and dissociate in water in order to conduct electric current

Acids

Releases H+ ions and decreases pH

Bases

Add hydroxide (OH-), remove hydrogen, increase pH

As pH increases

Hydrogen decreases

Salts

Ionic and do not contain hydrogen or hydroxide

Uses of salts

Tissue hardener, conduct electricity, separates in water

Buffer

Contains both H+ and OH-, keeps pH constant

When pH rises, buffer will

Add H+ (add weak acid)

When pH drops, buffer will

Remove H+ (add weak base)

Organic compound categories

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Monomers

Small molecules (building blocks)

Polymers

Large molecule with monomers linked

Carbohydrate Monomer

monosaccharide

Lipid Monomer

glycerol and fatty acids

Proteins monomer

amino acids

Nucleic acids monomer

nucleotides

Carbohydrates

First source of energy, provide most of short term energy

Amino acids + amino acids form

dipeptide (two) (proteins)

ribose is found in

RNA

Deoxyribose is found in

DNA

Glucose is found in

blood sugar

Fructose is found in

Fruit

Galactose is found in

milk and whey

HDL

good cholesterol

LDL is

bad cholesterol

A=T

Adenine = Thymine

G=C

Guanine = Cytosine

gives energy to other chemicals

energy molecule