Geography

Hard Power

Using force or pressure to influence other countries.

Example of Hard Power

Military action or threat of war; Economic sanctions or trade restrictions.

Case Example of Hard Power

The USA using military power in Iraq or sanctions on Russia after invading Ukraine.

Soft Power

Using culture, values, and diplomacy to influence others.

Example of Soft Power

Hollywood movies, K-pop, peaceful negotiations, foreign aid.

Case Example of Soft Power

South Korea spreading its culture globally through music and TV.

Characteristics of a Superpower

Military Strength, Economic Power, Cultural Influence, Political Influence, Technological Strength, Global Reach.

Example of a Superpower

USA – global military bases, huge economy, Hollywood.

Economic Power

Large GDP, global trade links, strong currency.

Technology and Superpowers

Countries with advanced AI, space, and cyber power may lead.

Hurricane Katrina Causes

Warm sea temperatures, low air pressure system, high winds, poor levees.

Primary Impact of Hurricane Katrina

1,800 people died, $125 billion in damages, 80% of New Orleans flooded.

Immediate Responses to Hurricane Katrina

Rescue missions by Coast Guard, emergency shelters set up.

Long-term Responses to Hurricane Katrina

Improved levee system, federal aid, rebuilding homes and infrastructure.

Key Words for Climatic Hazards

Tropical storm, category 5, storm surge, flood defences.

Multipolar World

A world with more than one superpower (e.g., USA, China, EU, India).

Emerging Superpowers

Countries like India and Brazil that are becoming more influential.