advanced exam 2

CD117 stain is for

seminomas

glypican-3 stain is for

yolk sac tumors

CD30 stain is for

embryonal tumors

common non-nodal metastatic sites for penile tumors

liver, heart, lung

most common non-nodal sites of metastasis for prostate cancer?

pelvis and lumbar spine

most common metastatic sites for testicular cancers

lymph nodes

causes of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis

obstruction leading to bile pancreatic duct activating trypsinogen leading to digestion of duct wall and parenchyma

increased serum levels in acute pancreatitis

amylase, lipase, and C-reactive protein

appearance of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis

extensive necrosis and hemorrhage, some normal parenchyma

causes of chronic pancreatitis

alcoholism

appearance of chronic pancreatitis

dilated ducts, chronic inflammation with acinar atrophy and fibrosis, lobular pattern is preserved

pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma most commonly found where

head of pancreas

PDAC in the head of the pancreas clinical picture

progressive jaundice and pain, usually large with extra pancreatic extension

PDAC in the body/tail of the pancreas clinical picture

insidious growth with mets at dx

PDAC likes to growth

perineurally

clinical presentation and location of pancreatic NET

mass or due to excess hormone production; located in body and tail

beta cell pancreatic NET

insulinoma, benign

alpha cell NET

glucagonnoma; malignant

G cell NET

gastrinoma, associated with Zollinger-ellison syndrome,

pituitary adenoma are tumors of the

adenohypophysis

parathyroid hyperplasia causes

primary hyperplasia or secondary to impairment of renal function or chronic malabsorption

hyperparathyroidism =

hypercalcemia

how do adrenal cortical adenomas and hyperplasia differ?

in adenomas, cortex is atrophied