euro civil exam #4

Republic

Citizens who have the right to vote to select their leaders

Etruscans

The first people to settle in Rome in 900 BC

Consuls

Lead army and judicial system

Senate

Advised the consuls on finances, law, and interaction with foreign countries and created laws

Tribunes

Represented the common people

Patricians

A member of a wealthy family in the Roman Republic

Plebeians

An ordinary citizen in Roman Republic

Praetors

Judges in Roman trials

Twelve tables

A set of laws that applied to all citizens, no matter who they were

Carthage

A North African city located in modern day Tunisia

Hannibal

Carthages greatest general

Julius Caesar

Consul who grant himself governor and has the same status as Alex the great and was known as a military hero

Ides of March

The moment Julius Caesar was stabbed 23 times by being surrounded

Second Triumvirate

Caesars supporters who banded together to eliminate Assassins

Pax Ramona

A 200 year period of peace and Prosperity

The law of Nations

Universal laws based on reason

Spartacus

The gladiator slave that revolted and was killed with his thousands of followers and were crucified

Insulae

Apartment blocks where the pool lived

Colosseum

A large amphitheater that was built in Rome that showed combats and contest

What geographic features allowed for the success of Italy?

The geographic features that allowed the success for Italy was a Tiber river, which a lot of more food and water which then lead to more people another feature with the access to different civilizations because Italy is a peninsula and the Alps Mountains, which help them keep them isolated

What was the first form of government used in Italy?

Monarchy

What was later established in 509 BC? how was this government different?

In 509 BC the Republic government was established. This government was different because it allowed others to be leaders and represent those in the city.

What power did the consul have to eliminate a proposed law/change in the government/society

The power that the consuls had to eliminate a proposed law in the government was the Vito which, if one did not agree on something that the other one proposed they could Vito

Why do you think the Romans wanted to limit the dictators term of rule to only six months?

I think they wanted to limit the term of rule to prevent the Republic to going back to a monarchy or dictatorship

What are some key differences between the plebeian and Patricians

Patricians have education and thought that they were above others and grew wealthy for more. Meanwhile, The Plebians wanted to be treated fairly and believe you sent the Senate was unfair and we’re out of work.

What does “government of laws not of men” mean? why would this be a revolutionary idea?

This phrase meant that no one was above the law so they all must obey even if you were an emperor. The reason it would be a revolutionary idea was because it allowed those higher up to not break the law.

What led to the rise of Julius Caesar in Rome?

In 120 BC Pompeii fought over land, which led to private armies building and led to The Civil War, then the Roman republic started to break up, so Julius Caesar was elected as consul and then became a dictator in 45 BC because of the Civil War and had fought in the Civil War against Pompeii and won

What led to Romans transition from Republic to empire? who was the first emperor of Rome?

The transition from Republic to empire was that because the Civil War started and Julius Caesar reforms and dictatorship this then led to the Ides of March which led to a 13 long Civil War and then ultimately led to an empire, causing Augustus Caesar (Octavian) being the first emperor

Explain the “Pax Ramona”

This was the 200 year period of peace and prosperity with Rome that was led to because of the transition from Republic to empire

Do you find it strange that the Roman people would want Augustus to be an all powerful ruler instead of sharing power? why?

I do find it strange because of the fact that they had fought for many years in order to keep the Republic from going back to a monarchy

How long did Augustus rule the Roman empire?

Augustus ruled for 40 years

When did Christianity become the official religion of the Roman Empire?

Christianity became the official religion of the Roman empire in 30 A.D. by Constantine

what are two pros of a republic?

Two pros are that representatives can voice the opinions of citizens. Another pro is at leaders can be voted out.

What are two cons of a republic?

Two cons is that citizens can’t directly voice their opinions meanwhile, another one is That woman can’t vote

What are two pros of an empire with the all powerful ruler?

Two pros is that the ruler can change many flaws quickly and the city can be well disciplined

What are two cons of an empire with a powerful ruler?

Two cons is that they can rule with coyote and citizens do not have a say

What are three basic principles of Roman law that are also adopted in US law?

The three basic principles under Roman law that was also adopted into US law was the right to trial, innocent until proving guilty, and people being viewed as equal

Name three features of entertainment in Rome

Three features of entertainment in Rome was dramas in amphitheater, horse races in the Circus Maxima, and gladiatorial battles in the Colosseum

What are three engineering accomplishments of Rome?

three engineering accomplishments of Rome are Domes arches and vaults

Aqueduct

Structures that carried water over long distances

What are some characteristics of Roman buildings?

Some characteristics are roads, bridges, and aqueducts

What previous civilization discussed in class built communal baths

A previous civilization that we talked about that built communal bath was the indus civilization

What were two features of Justinian code? Explain their meaning.

Two features of Justinian code was innocent until proven guilty, which meant that if you were accused, you didn’t have a burden of proving yourself the accuser had the burden of proving that you are guilty. The other feature is that people accused of crimes would have the right to face their accusers, which allowed them to know a reason on why they would be accused

What were the main classes to the fall of the Roman empire what was the end result?

The main causes for the fall of the Roman empire was that it was too large for one emperor. They were tax issues to raise money. There was economic issues. There was civil wars. There was corrupt generals, and there was a rising of Christianity. This ultimately lead to the western and eastern split empire, which also led to the fall of the western empire in 476CE and the end of the eastern empire in 1453

What is Constantinople?

This was the capital of the Roman empire where trades happened. It was named the capital of the Roman empire after Rome.

Explain the great schism

This is the split of two churches, the church in the east known as the eastern orthodox and western known as Roman Catholic

Explain the legacy of Rome

The legacy of Rome was not too big because they took invention from other people and improved it, but they did give the idea of a republic. They gave legal and political terms like Senate and dictator. They wrote legal codes that is equally applied to all. They also improved aqueducts sewage systems dams, cement, and architecture

What does the middle ages refer to?

The time period between the fall of the empire and beginning of the Renaissance in Western Europe

Explain the shift of power that takes place in western Europe during the middle ages

He shift the power with part because they turned to local lords for protection. They also had the Roman Catholic church gain power.

How was Eastern Europe different than western Europe?

Eastern Europe, the empire and spoke Greek meanwhile western Europe had feudalism in Latin

Explain the impact that Islam had on the western world

Islam networks connects Asia and Europe during the Crusades they also have medical advancements Muslim groups put pressure on the Byzantines And Western Europe they also had multiple cultures together

Who was the first king of France?

The first king of France was Clovis in 481

Germanic tribes

Made up of farmers and herders and they were ruled by elected warrior kings

Do nothing Kings

The four sons of Clovis

Battle of Tours

Defeat the Muslims in 732

Charles Martel

The mayor, then King starts the Carolingian Dynasty and has a son known as pepin the short

Charlemagne

Unite the empire that stretched from France to German to Italy, greatest political leader for 1000 years

Missi Dominici

Spies

Treaty of Verdun

Divided kingdoms into three areas, Louise the German had Germany Charles the bald had France. Lothar was titled emperor.

Feudalism

Structure of giving up land to Lords in return of things

Why was Charlemagne known as one of the successful kings?

He united the western and central Europe won many battles world for 46 years united Christian community in Western Europe, and encourage education around the empire

What ultimately unite the Christian community throughout Western Europe

Charlemagne

Explain the treaty of Verdun

The treaty of Verdun helped the empire to be split between all three brothers

What led to feudalism

The threat of these invaders and a lot of of a strong Central government led to a new political and social system as people turn into local landed aristocrats to protect them

Vikings

Northern men which gave the term normandy, great builders, and failures crew of 100 people stole treasure from churches and monasteries

Muslims

Originated in Mecca and block the Byzantine trade in the Mediterranean Sea, following the teachings of Muhammad and worship a meteor, down south of the Mediterranean Sea

Autocracy

Total rule by 1 Leader

Hagia Sophia

A famous church structure

Belisarius

Byzantine general that won back Rome

Justinian code

Collection of laws that became the basis for medieval and modern legal systems

Theodora

Saved the Byzantine empire twice and was an empress to Justinian

Mosaics

Pictures or designs formed by stones, tile or glass

Icons

Holy images of Jesus, Mary or Saints

Hippodrome

Place of entertainment that included chariot races

Czars

Title given to rulers in Russia (tsars)