Unit 1 Part 1 Exam

[Unit 1.1] Nature v.s Nurture

Nature: How you were born; genetics & biology

Nurture: How are you raised; your environment

[Unit 1.1] Natural Selection

Inherited traits needed for survival and reproduction in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

OR “survival of the fittest”

[Unit 1.1] Evolutionary Perspective

Studying evolution of behavior and the mind, musing principles from natural selection.

[Unit 1.2] Central Nervous System

Location: Spine & Brain

Function: The Body’s decision maker

[Unit 1.2] Peripheral Nervous System

Function: The sensory and motor neurons that connect to the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body

[Unit 1.2] Sensory (Afferent) Neurons function

Function: Carry INCOMING information from body’s tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

[Unit 1.2] Motor Efferent Neurons function

Function: Carry OUTCOMING information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

[Unit 1.2] Motor Efferent Neurons function

Function: Carry OUTCOMING information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

[Unit 1.2] Reflex

A simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus.

Example: Knee-Jerk reflex in a DR office

[Unit 1.2] Sympathetic Nervous System’s function

Function: Arouses and expends energy (“fight or flight”)

[Unit 1.2] Parasympathetic Nervous Systems Function

Function: Calms the body and conserves its energy

[Unit 1.2] Somatic Nervous Systems functions

Function: Enables voluntary control of our muscles

[Unit 1.2] Autonomic Nervous Systems Functions

Functions: Controls glands and internal organs muscles

[Unit 1.3a] Neurons vs. Glial Cells

Neurons: Send messages

Glial Cells: SUPPORT neurons. Give them nutrition and remove waste.

[Unit 1.3a] Neurotransmission; Action Potential

Messages that travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on receiving neurons.

[Unit 1.3a] Resting Potential

Definition: Neuron at rest has slightly negative charge

Charge: -70mV

[Unit 1.3a] All Or Nothing Principle

Neuron will fire 100% or not at all, 0%

[Unit 1.3a] Threshold

Definition: The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Charge: -55mV

[Unit 1.3a] Refractory Period

Short resting period in between neural firings

[Unit 1.3a] Depolarization

The loss of inside/ outside charge

[Unit 1.3a] Reuptake

A neurotransmitters reabsorption by sending neuron

[Unit 1.3a]

[Unit 1.3a] Dendrites

Function: Receive messages and send it to the Cell Body

[Unit 1.3a] Cell Body

Function: Contains the nucleus; cells life-support center

[Unit 1.3a] Axon

Function: Passes messages away from cell body to other neurons

[Unit 1.3a] Myelin Sheath

[Unit 1.3a] Encase the axon; helps speed up process

[Unit 1.3a] Excitatory Neurons vs. Inhibitory Neurons

Excitatory Neurons: DEPOLARIZE neurons and are MORE likely to fire

Inhibitory Neurons: HYPERPOLARIZE neurons and are LESS likely to fire

[Unit 1.3a] Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter

Function: Enables muscle action, learning and memory.

Oversupply = Alzheimer’s Disease

[Unit 1.3a] Dopamine

Neurotransmitter

Function: Influence movement, attention, emotion, and mood.

Oversupply = schizophrenia

Undersupply = Parkinson’s Disease

[Unit 1.3a] Serotonin

Neurotransmitter

Function: Affects mood, hunger, sleep and awake cycles.

Undersupply = Depression

[Unit 1.3a] Norepinephrine

Neurotransmitter

Function: Help control alertness and arousal

Undersupply = Depress mood

[Unit 1.3a] GABA

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Undersupply = Seziure’s, tremors, and insomnia

[Unit 1.3a] Glutamate

Major excitatory neurotransmitter

Functions: Memory

Oversupply = migraines or seizures

[Unit 1.3a] Endorphins

Neurotransmitter

Function: Influence perception of pain and pleasure

[Unit 1.3a] Substance P

Neurotransmitter

Function: Involved in perception of pain

Oversupply = chronic pain

[Unit 1.3a] Multiple Sclerosis

Nerve Disorder: Immune system attacking myelin

Symptoms: Impaired vision and muscle movement.

[Unit 1.3a] Myasthenia Gravis

Nerve disorder: Antibodies block communication between nerves and voluntary muscles

Symptoms: Muscle weakness and fatigue

[Unit 1.3a] Adrenal Glands

Location: Organ that sits on top of each kidney

Function: Release hormones to control stress blood pressure and metabolism

Releases adrenaline

[Unit 1.3a] Hormones; Adrenaline

Hormones: Cheminxal messages from the endocrine glands

Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands

[Unit 1.3a] Endocrine System

Help you grow and develop

Sends hormones through the blood stream

[Unit 1.3b] Substance Use Disorder

A Psychological Disorder

Symptoms: Diminished control, social functioning, hazardous use, and drug action.

[Unit 1.3b] Agonists vs. Antagonists

Agonist: Icreases a neurotransmitters action

Antagonist: Blocks a neurotransmitters action

[Unit 1.3b] Depressants

Drugs that decrease neuron activity and slow body functions

Examples: Alcohol and Heroin

[Unit 1.3b] Stimulants

Drugs that increase neural activity and speed up body functions

Examples: Cocaine, caffeine, and nicotine

[Unit 1.3b] Hallucinogens

Drugs that distorts perceptions in the absence of sensory input

Example: Marijuana/ THC

[Unit 1.3b] Opioids

Depress neural activity and temporarily lessen pain and anxiety

[Unit 1.3b] Addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal

Addiction: Compulsive substance use (body becomes dependent)

Tolerance: Diminishing effect of drug use after repeated use

Withdrawal: Discomfort that comes with quitting a drugs. Cravings and pain.

[Unit 1.4a] Neuroplasticity

Brains ability to change and form new connections after neurons are damaged

[Unit 1.4a] EEG scan

What it is: Electrodes & wires placed on scalp. Record brains electric activity

What they show: Function of brain

When would you use it: Epilepsy and sleep disorders

[Unit 1.4a] PET scan

What it is: Tracks where a radioactive tracer goes while a person performs a task

What it shows: How the brain functions

When you would use it: To detect cancer or tumors

[Unit 1.4a] MRI

What is it: Person lies in a chamber with magnetic fields and radio waves.

What it shows: Brains structure

When you would use it: Find abnormalities in brain structure

[Unit 1.4a] fMRI

What it is: Measure blood flow to brain parts

What it shows: Brains structure

When you would use it: stroke disease patients

[Unit 1.4b] Corpus Callosum

Location: Between right and left side of the brain

Function: Connects left and right hemispheres so they can communicate

[Unit 1.4b] Brocas Area

Location: Left side of frontal lobe

Function: Help produce speech

[Unit 1.4b] Wernickes Area; Wernickes Aphasia

Location: Left side of temporal lobe

Function: Help make speech and written language understandable

Aphasia: Words are correct, but their structure does not.

[Unit 1.4b] Motor Cortex

Location: Frontal Lobe

Function: Control voluntary movements

[Unit 1.4b] Somatosensory Cortex

Location:Parietal lobes

Function: Proceds touch, temperature, pressure and pain.

[Unit 1.4b] Prefrontal Cortex

Location: Frontal lobe

Function: Planning, decision making, judgment, impulse control

[Unit 1.4b] Visual Cortex

Location: Occipital lobes

Function: Help process visual information

[Unit 1.4b] Auditory Cortex

Location: Temporal lobes

Function: Help process auditory information (pitch and loudness)

[Unit 1.4b] Frontal Lobes

Location: Front of the brain, behind forehead

Function: planning, decision making, voluntary movements, and personality

[Unit 1.4b] Parietal Lobes

Location: Top of brain

Function: Process sensory information

[Unit 1.4b] Occipital Lobes

Location: Back of head

Function: Process visual information

[Unit 1.4b] Temporal Lobes

Location: Side of brain, by temples

Function: Process auditory informstion

[Unit 1.4b] Medulla

Location: Brain Stem

Function: Heart rate and breathing

[Unit 1.4b] What does the brain stem contain?

Contains: Medulla and Pons

[Unit 1.4b] Pons

Location: Brain Stem

Function: Regulate sleep/ wake cycles also support breathing

[Unit 1.4b] What does the Limbic System contain?

Contains: Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Thalamus and the Pituitary Gland

[Unit 1.4b] Hypothalamus

Location: Limbic System

Function: Make you feel hungry, thirsty and body temperature

[Unit 1.4b] Hippocampus

Location: Limbic System

Function: Form new memories

[Unit 1.4b] Amygdala

Location: Limbic System

Function: Process fear and aggression emotions

[Unit 1.4b] Thalamus

Location: Limbic System

Function: Relay sensory information to cerebral cortex (NOT SMELL)

[Unit 1.4b] Pituitary Gland

Location: Limbic System

Function: Release hormones to help you grow and develop and reproduce

[Unit 1.4b] Reticular Formation vs. Reticular Activating System

RF: Regulate alertness

RAS: Maintain wakefulness and attention

[Unit 1.4b] Cerebellum

Location: Beneath occipital lobes

Function: Coordinate balance, posture, and motor learning

[Unit 1.4c] Neurogenesis

process when new neurons are generated

[Unit 1.4c] Split Brain Research. Left vs. Right brain specializations

Left: Language, speech, math & control right body movements

Right: Face recognition, emotions & control left side of body