AQA GCSE Combined Science: Trilogy - Biology Paper 1F Mark Scheme Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering key biological concepts, terminology, structural adaptations, and assessment principles from the GCSE Combined Science: Trilogy Foundation Tier mark scheme.

Standardisation process

The procedure in examination assessment where associates analyse sample scripts and legislate alternative answers to ensure the mark scheme is applied consistently and correctly.

'Right + wrong = wrong' principle

The marking rule applied to lists where each incorrect response or contradiction negates a correct response, preventing credit if errors equal or exceed the available marks.

Error carried forward (ecf)

An assessment rule indicating that an incorrect calculation value or error in one step does not penalize subsequent marks in subsequent steps or question parts.

Sperm cell adaptations

Specialised structures including a flagellum/tail to swim, numerous mitochondria to release energy, enzymes to penetrate the egg, a streamlined body, and $23$ chromosomes.

Plant cell structures

Cellular features such as a cell wall, a large permanent vacuole, and chloroplasts that are present in plant cells but absent in animal cells.

Diffusion

The net movement of particles (such as oxygen entering a cell) from an area of higher concentration outside the cell to an area of lower concentration inside the cell.

Amylase

A digestive enzyme produced in places such as the salivary glands, pancreas, and small intestine that catalyses the breakdown of starch into simple sugars.

Iodine reagent test

A qualitative food test that turns black in the presence of starch and remains yellow-orange when starch is absent or has been completely broken down.

Transpiration

The process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, drawing water up from the soil; increased by higher light intensity, increased air movement, or lower humidity.

Left ventricle

The thick-walled muscular chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood under high pressure into the aorta to supply the body.

Coronary artery

A blood vessel branching from the aorta that provides a dedicated supply of oxygenated blood directly to the heart muscle tissue.

Vein valves

Internal anatomical flaps inside veins that prevent the backflow of blood, ensuring blood travels in only one direction toward the heart.

Capillary adaptations

Microscopic blood vessels having walls that are only one cell thick to provide a minimal diffusion distance and a large surface area-to-volume ratio for substance exchange.

Red blood cells

Biconcave blood cells containing haemoglobin, typically numbering around $5 \times 10^{6}$ per unit volume, which carry oxygen required for aerobic respiration to release energy.

Alveoli adaptations

Specialised gas exchange structures in the lungs featuring large surface areas, one-cell-thick epithelial walls, adjacent thin capillary walls, rich blood supply, and continuous ventilation.

Exhaled air composition

Expired air characterised by lower oxygen concentration, higher carbon dioxide concentration, elevated water vapour content, and warmer temperature compared to inhaled air due to respiration.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

An anthropometric calculation determined by $\text{BMI} = \frac{\text{mass}}{(\text{height})^2}$; a value of $25.6$ classifies an individual in the overweight category.

Droplet infection

The transmission of viral or bacterial pathogens via airborne aerosol droplets released through coughing or sneezing and inhaled by a susceptible host.

Athlete's foot prevention

Hygiene and medical practices to prevent fungal transmission, including thorough foot drying, avoiding sharing footwear or towels, applying fungicides, and avoiding bare feet in public areas.

Magnification formula

The mathematical relationship used in light microscopy: $\text{size of real cell} = \frac{\text{image size}}{\text{magnification}}$.