Acids and Bases Topic Skills

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Characteristics, pH scale, Indicators

7 Terms

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Acid

A chemical compound containing hydrogen ions (H+) that donates H+ ions to the solution when dissolved in water, thus increasing the number of H+ ions in the solution. They have a pH less than 7, and the more H+, the more acidic the solution.

  • Properties: Soluble in water, tastes sour, feels rough on skin, corrosive, neutralizes bases, turns blue litmus paper red.

  • Examples: Hydrochloric acid (swimming pool acid), sulphuric acid, tartaric acid, lemon juice, vinegar, apple, tomato, and gastric acid.


<p>A chemical compound containing hydrogen ions (H<sup>+</sup>) that donates <span style="line-height: 1.15;">H<sup>+</sup></span> ions to the solution when dissolved in water, thus increasing the number of H<sup>+ </sup>ions in the solution. They have a pH less than 7, and the more H<sup>+</sup>, the more acidic the solution.</p><ul><li><p><em>Properties:</em> Soluble in water, tastes sour, feels rough on skin, corrosive, neutralizes bases, turns blue litmus paper red.</p></li><li><p><em>Examples</em>: Hydrochloric acid (swimming pool acid), sulphuric acid, tartaric acid, lemon juice, vinegar, apple, tomato, and gastric acid.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Base

A chemical compound containing hydroxide ions (OH-)that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.

  • Properties: Neutralizes acids, feels slippery/soapy, turns red litmus paper blue. A soluble base is called an alkali.

  • Examples: Sodium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, bicarbonate of soda, washing powder, most soaps, bleach, ammonia, and drain cleaner / oven cleaner.


<p>A chemical compound containing hydroxide ions (OH<sup>-</sup>)that accepts hydrogen ions (<span style="line-height: 1.15;">H<sup>+</sup>) </span>when dissolved in water.</p><ul><li><p><em>Properties:</em> Neutralizes acids, feels slippery/soapy, turns red litmus paper blue. A soluble base is called an <strong>alkali</strong>.</p></li><li><p><em>Examples</em>: Sodium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, bicarbonate of soda, washing powder, most soaps, bleach, ammonia, and drain cleaner / oven cleaner.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Neutral Substance

A substance with a pH of exactly 7 (e.g., pure water) that is neither acidic nor basic.

  • Test for Neutrality: Must show no colour change on both types of litmus paper (red stays red, blue stays blue).


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Neutralisation

A chemical reaction between an acid and a base (or alkali) that cancel each other out to produce a neutral solution (pH 7), forming a salt and water.

  • the properties of each are canceled out by the other.

Word equation:

Acid+Base→Salt+Water\text{Acid} + \text{Base} \rightarrow \text{Salt} + \text{Water}

What happens chemically:

  • The hydrogen ions (H+) from the acid combine with the hydroxide ions (OH-) from the base to form neutral water (H2O).

  • The remaining ions combine to form a salt.


<p>A chemical reaction between an <strong>acid</strong> and a <strong>base</strong> (or alkali) that cancel each other out to produce a <strong>neutral solution</strong> (pH 7), forming a <strong>salt</strong> and <strong>water</strong>.</p><ul><li><p>the properties of each are canceled out by the other.</p></li></ul><p><strong>Word equation:</strong></p><p>$$\text{Acid} + \text{Base} \rightarrow \text{Salt} + \text{Water}$$</p><p><strong>What happens chemically:</strong></p><ul><li><p>The hydrogen ions (H<sup>+</sup>) from the acid combine with the hydroxide ions (<span style="line-height: 1.15;">OH<sup>-</sup>)</span> from the base to form neutral water (H<sub>2</sub>O).</p></li><li><p>The remaining ions combine to form a salt.</p></li></ul><p></p>
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pH Scale

A numeric scale (from 0 to 14) that measures the relative acidity or alkalinity (strength of an acid or base) of a substance.

  • The pH scale measures the presence of hydrogen ions in a solution / how strong an acid or base is. pH stands for the "potential for hydrogen".

    • Acids have a pH of less than 7.

    • Strong acids have a pH range of 0–4.

    • Pure neutral water is pH 7.

    • Bases / Alkalis have a pH greater than 7 (above 7 to 14).

    • The lower the pH number, the more acidic; the higher the pH number, the more basic.


<p>A numeric scale (from 0 to 14) that measures the relative acidity or alkalinity (strength of an acid or base) of a substance.</p><ul><li><p><span>The pH scale measures the presence of hydrogen ions in a solution / how strong an acid or base is. pH stands for the "potential for hydrogen".</span></p><ul><li><p><span>Acids have a pH of <strong>less than 7</strong>.</span></p></li><li><p><span>Strong acids have a pH range of <strong>0–4</strong>.</span></p></li><li><p><span>Pure neutral water is <strong>pH 7</strong>.</span></p></li><li><p><span>Bases / Alkalis have a pH <strong>greater than 7</strong> (above 7 to 14).</span></p></li><li><p><span>The lower the pH number, the more acidic; the higher the pH number, the more basic.</span></p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Universal Indicator

Paper strips or solution calibrated to a colour-coded chart linked to the pH scale, showing not only if a solution is an acid or base, but its relative strength.

<p>Paper strips or solution calibrated to a colour-coded chart linked to the pH scale, showing not only if a solution is an acid or base, but its relative strength.</p>
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Litmus Paper

An indicator strip that indicates acidity or alkalinity via a binary colour change (Red litmus turns blue in a base; Blue litmus turns red in an acid)

<p>An indicator strip that indicates acidity or alkalinity via a binary colour change (Red litmus turns blue in a base; Blue litmus turns red in an acid)</p>