Exam 3 review questions

Which best describes the overall functions of the nervous system?

senses information, process & interpret the information and then respond

Which system serves as the body's main communication and control system?

nervous system

match the item: muscles or glands

effectors

internal organs

Viscera

changes in external or internal environment that can be sensed and cause a response

stimuli

what are some structures related to central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

what are some structures related to Peripheral nervous system

Ganglia and nerves

which of these examples are correct of “sensory”

collects info, input, involves sensory receptors, detects changes (stimuli) in external or internal env,

which of these examples related to “processing information”

“Decides” if response is needed, Interprets sensory information,

which of these examples is related to “Motor” in the basic nervous system functions

activates glands to secrete substances, activates muscles to contract, generates outgoing signals to effectors, response, output

which is the correct order of the flow of information from detection to the response.

1. Sensory (PNS), 2. Processing interpretation (CNS), Motor (PNS)

what is stimuli/ stimulus

Any changes in your environment or inside your body that you can detect and causes a reaction in response

which of these are examples of somatic sensory

detects visual stimuli, conciously sensed, detected from sensory receptors of the skin, eyes, and ears, detects auditory stimuli, detects touch

which of these are examples of visceral sensory

detects stretch of organs, detected from sensory receptors of internal organs (like heart and stomach), not conciously sensed, blood vessels, info of viscera, detects contraction of chemicals like oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH levels

effector is skeletal muscle, referred to somatic nervous system, voluntarily controlled, conciously controlled,

somatic motor

effector is glands, not consciously controlled, sometimes referred to as visceral motor, effectors are smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, also referred to as autonomic nervous system involuntarily controlled

Autonomic motor

layered plasma membrane of either oligodendrocyte or neurolemmocyte that contains a large amount of lipids so it has a glossy white appearance

Myelin

process where axon is wrapped in myelin

Myelination

autoimmune disorder that disrupts nerve conduction due to progressive demyelination of neuron

multiple scelorosis

gaps of exposed plasma membranes between myelin along a myelinated axon

Node of Ranvier

an asscending paralysis due to inflammation causing loss of myelin usually preceded by a flu-like illness

Guillain-Barré syndrome

which are examples of satellite cells ?

insulate and regulate nutrient/ waste exchange, located around neuron cell bodies in PNS

what are examples of Neurolemmocytes

myelinate and insulate axons in PNS

Myelination of an axon will allow for __________ conduction of an action potential than an unmyelinated axon.

faster

Myelination can help regenerate damaged axons particularly in the PNS.

True

which are examples of parts of a neuron that compose white matter

myelinated axons

cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, dendrites, glial cells

grey matter

electricity of a neuron

movement of ions across the membrane

examples of charged particles in neurons

Ions like Na+ and K+

movement of charged particles

electrical energy (electricity)

Ion Channels

only way that an Ion can cross the plasma membrane (some receptors also form these)

Na+/K+ pumps

Maintains the concentration gradients across the cell membrane for sodium and potassium

which is the description of leak channel

type of ion channel on the plasma membrane that is always open (so chemicals move across the membrane down their concentration gradient)

Which is a good description of gated channel

type of ion channel on the plasma membrane that is closed until a specific chemical, voltage or stimulus causes it to open

which has a greater concentration outside the cell compared to inside the cell

sodium

if the resting membrane potential is -70mv, what does the “-” mean?

it is more negative on the inside of the cell than the outside

What is the normal resting membrane potential for many cells?

-70 mV

If a chloride channel opens, what happens and why?

the inside of the cell becomes more negative because chlorine moves into the cell

Neurotransmitters ultimately have their effects on a target cell by opening an ion channel (either directly or indirectly.

True

the neurotransmitter binds to a membrane receptor that causes the generation of another compound which then can open an ion channel

opening of the ion channel indirectly

the neurotransmitter binds to its receptor which is an ion channel (ex. acetylcholine binds to the acetylcholine receptor)

directly opening an ion channel

There are more ______________ .

leak channels for potassium

If a sodium channel opens, what occurs and why?

depolarization due to sodium going into the cell

Which has a greater concentration inside the cell compared to outside the cell?

potassium

If a potassium ion channel opens, what is the effect on the membrane potential and why.

potassium goes out down its concentration gradient making the membrane potential inside of the cell more negative

Different classifications of neurotransmitters include: acetylcholine, biogenic amines (like norepinephrine and epinephrine), amino acids, & neuropeptides.

True

site where neurotransmitters are released

axon terminals

site where the action potential is propagated/conducted/transmitted

along the axon

site where summation of the graded potentials (EPSPs + IPSPs) occurs

axon hillock

what are two ways that nerves are classified based on their structure?

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

match the defenition: bundle of axons in PNS

nerve

match: doesn't undergo cell division

amitotic

Match: group of cell bodies in PNS

ganglion

match: small, non-excitable cell that surrounds & supports neurons

glial cells (neuroglia)

excitable nerve cell that transmits electrical signals

neuron

What are three ways that nerves are classified based on their function?

mixed nerves, motor nerves, and sensory nerves

Match defention : prominent ribosomes in the cell body (and can also be found in dendrite)

Nissl bodies

match defention: site where a neuron communicates with another neuron or effector

synapse

expanded tip of axon terminal that contains neurotransmitters

synaptic knob

gap between neurons at the synapse where neurotransmitters would be released

synaptic cleft

the neuron that releases neurotransmitters at a synapse

presynaptic neuron

the neuron that is receiving the neurotransmitter at a synapse

postsynaptic neuron

the time it takes for a neurotransmitter to be released from the presynaptic neuron, travel through the synaptic cleft, then bind to a postsynaptic neuron and cause a change

synaptic delay

Because of the high metabolic rate, there is a continuous and constant requirement for ______ and __________.

oxygen and glucose

What are two ways that nerves are classified based on their structure?

crania nerves and spinal nerves

Rabies virus, polio virus, and herpes virus can access a neuron at the axon terminal and then affect the neuron by travelling (retrograde) to the cell body.

True

which is an axon

this part of the neuron generates electrical signals and transmits them to the target cell

what is a dendrite

This part of the neuron receives signals and transmits it to the cell body

which is the best definition of the cell body

this part of the neuron is the area where the cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus and functions to make organic compounds including neurotransmitters

what are the characteristics of an Axon

single, long process, expanded tips containing neurotransmitters, generate and send electrical signal to target cells

what are the characteristics of a Dendrite?

multiple (usually), short, highly branched,receive signals from other neurons and convey them towards the cell body,

what are the characteristics of the cell body?

“control center”, can recieve signals, area where cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus.

what are the characteristics of Multipolar Neuron

most common structure of neuron, many processes emerging from cell body

What are the characteristics of Bipolar Neuron

used for vision and olfacation (smell), single axon and single dendrite emerge from cell body, rare

what are the characteristics of Unipolar Neuron

Single process emerging from cell body connected to a dendrite connected to the axon

what are the characteristics of Anaxonic Neuron

has dendrites and cell body but no axon

what are the characteristics of sensory Neurons

send info to CNS, unipolar neurons, sense changes in skin or internal organs,

what are characteristics of Interneurons

processing neurons, 99% of neurons are this type, mostly multipolar (but some are not),

what are the characteristics of Motor neurons

stimulate muscles or glands, send info from CNS to effectors, multipolar neurons

What is perineurium?

connective tissue wrapping that wraps the nerve fascicle

what is Epineurium

connective tissue wrapping that wraps the whole nerve

what is endoneurium ?

connective tissue wrapping that wraps the axon

whats the correct order of the connective tissue wrappings of a neuron from superficial to deep

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium.

what are the characteristics of Electrical Synapse

rare, synapse where Ions flow directly through gap junction

what are the characteristics of chemical synapse

slower transmission due to synaptic delay, involves a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron, the signal from one neuron to another is via neurotransmitters

which best fits these characteristics: smaller, support cells, highly mitotic, more numerous,

Glial Cells (neuroglia)

which best fits these characteristics: high metabolic rate, secrete neurotransmitters, amitotic (dosen’t divide), extreme longevity, excitable - can respond to stimulus via electrical signals,

Neurons

which best fits the characteristics of the glial cells found in the CNS: most versatile, guide neuron development, regulate the composition of interstitial fluid in brain and spinal cord, most abundant, help form the blood brain barrier (BBB)

Astrocytes

which best fits the characteristics of the glial cells found in the CNS: increase in number with an infection, immune system component in CNS, roaming phagocyte, protects against toxins/ microorganisms by engulfing and destroying.

Microglia

which best fits the characteristics of the glial cells found in the CNS:help produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), ciliated epithelial cells that line fluid-filled cavities of brain and spinal cord,

Ependymal cells

which best fits the characteristics of the glial cells found in the CNS: myelinated & insulate a few axons in CNS,

Oligodendrocytes

which best fits the characteristics of the glial cells found in the PNS: located around neuron cell bodies in PNS, insulate & regulate nutrient/ waste exchange

satellite cells

which best fits the characteristics of the glial cells found in the PNS: AKA known as Schwann cells, myelinate and insulate axons in PNS

Neurolemmocytes

process where axon is wrapped in myelin

myelination

autoimmune disorder that disrupts nerve conduction due to progressive demyelination of neuron

multiple Sclerosis (MS)

layerd plasma membranes of either oligodendrocyte that contains a large amount of lipids so it has a glossy white appearance

myelin

An asscending paralysis due to inflammation causing loss of myelin; usually preceded by flu-like illness

Guillain-Barré syndrome

Gaps of exposed plasma membranes between myelin along a myelinated axon

node of Ranvier

white matter

myelinated axons

unmyelinated axons, glial cells, axon terminals, dendrites, cell bodies,

Gray matter