(1) station 1-19

What major adaptations do all modern birds have?

a beak with no teeth, a four -chambered heart, feathers

What do all species of living birds have?

Wings

What type of dinosaur did birds probably evolve from?

theropod dinosaurs

Where do modern birds live?

most terrestrial habitats

What does Archaepoteryx mean?

Ancient wing

What characteristics are seen in Archaeopteryx that are bird-like?

wings, feathers, hollow bones

What characteristics are seen in Archaeopteryx that are reptile-like?

teeth, three claws on each wing, Long bony tail

What are feathers made of?

Keratin

Carotenoids

Red and yellow

Melanins

black to reddish browns and pale yellows

Phorphyrins

pink, browns, reds, and greens

What is the internal structure of a bird’s bone?

mostly hollow, with no marrow

What is the muscle in birds, which lifts their wings?

supracoracoideus

What is the muscle used to lower the wings?

pectoralis

Although most tetrapods are quadrupeds, what is the term used for birds?

Bipedal

The part of a bird’s leg that looks like a “backwards” knee is actually what part?

ankles

What type of metabolic rate do birds have?

Endothermic

What zones are birds usually larger?

larger in temperate zones

What two functions does the respiratory system play?

delivers oxygen from the air to the tissues and removes carbon dioxide

What do air sacs permit?

unidirectional flow of air through the lungs

What are the four groups birds can be placed in for migration?

Permanent, summer, and winter residents or transients

What is the main advantage to migrating?

More food, less cold

What is the urge for birds to migrate called?

Zugunruhe

What do the birds do in the fall to prepare for migration?

fat accumulates under the skin

What often triggers migration?

Weather changes

What are the four “flyways” in North America?

Pacific, central, Mississippi, and Atlantic flyway

Other vertebrates lay eggs, but bird egg laying is unique among vertebrates. Why?

birds are the only vertebrates whose eggs have a hard covering for protection

What is the largest egg?

Ostrich

What is the smallest egg?

Hummingbirds

What does precocial mean?

Born with open eyes and leave the nest within a day or two after hatching

What does altricial mean?

Born with closed eyesAnd depends on their parents for food

What is meant by Socially Monogamous?

Birds that raise young together

What are Extra-pair copulations?

Cheating

How many species of birds are considered Socially Monogamous?

90%

What is polygyny?

when one male has multiple females

What is lekking?

where males collect in a group to perform courtship displays

What is the name of the area used for lekking?

Arena

What are the benefits of Lekking for the male?

arena allows them to show off their genetic qualities

What are the benefits of Lekking for the female?

Females can choose males quickly and young can learn from the more experienced females

What is polyandry?

female attracts more than one male

Using polyandry of reproductive behavior, what happens to the sexual roles in these birds?

Sexual roles in this system are reversed. Females fight for males, territory

What is polygynandry?

females are with several males and males are with several females

Why do birds that demonstrate Polygynandry primarily live in groups?

to protect their storage of acorns

What is special about the way Polygynandry nest?

Females compete to leave the most eggs

What is brood parasitism?

females lay their eggs in another species nest

What is the “nickname” of the Brood Parasitism bird?

Mafia bird

How do birds communicate?

songs and calls

What is a song?

longer and more complex, associated with territory/ mating

What is a call?

alarms or keeping members of a flock in contact.

How do birds produce these sounds?

Their song box

What does Superorder: Paleognathaeall have in common?

flightless ancestor that lived in Gondwana