Unit 2 (Topics 2.6 - 2.12) Terms Quiz - APHG

Malthusian Catastrophe

where the population exceeds the carrying capacity

J-Curve

• exponential growth (population increases rapidly and continuously overtime)

• associated with Malthus’s theory

S-Curve

• arithmetic (logistic) growth, rapid population growth eventually slows down and stabilizes

• associated with Boserup’s theory

Neo-Malthusians

• modern thinkers who believe in Malthus’s core ideas, but have expanded on it

• rapid population growth will outpace not just the food supply, but all of Earth’s finite resources — leading to environmental degradation

Ester Boserup

a Danish economist who argued that population growth acts as a catalyst for agricultural innovation and intensification, causing food production to rise and meet the demands of a growing society

Pronatalist

where governments try to expand, or encourage population growth (EXPANSIVE population policies)

Antinatalist

where governments try to control population growth (RESTRICTIVE population policies)

Gendercide

the systematic killing of members of a specific gender (typically female, especially as a result of selective abortion or infanticide)

Eugenic Policies

policy to create “superhumans”, encourage some to breed and sterilize others (PREFERENCE FOR SPECIFIC GENDERS)

One-Child Policy

an anti-natalist policy by the Chinese government designed to slow population growth by restricting most families to a single child

ESPN Factors (related to women empowerment)

how economic, social, political, and cultural factors drive female empowerment (shifts in education, employment, healthcare, and decision-making power) and subsequently lead to declining total fertility rates

Dependency Ratio

ratio of people not economically productive and must be supported by those who are economically productive

Degenerative Diseases

chronic health conditions associated with longer lifespans and modern lifestyles

Life Expectancy

average # of years an individual can expect to live based on current conditions

• although on average more males are born than females, females on average have a longer life expectancy than males

Negative Growth

crude death rate (CDR) exceeds the crude birth rate (CBR)

DTM: Stage 4

• population pyramid: box - LITTLE/NO GROWTH (STAYS SAME), MDCs

• example countries: United States, China, MDCs

• low CBR & CDR and low to flat NIR, more economic opportunities, higher rates of education for women, more jobs, more intra-regional migration, MAY EXPERIENCE ZPG (NIR 0) —> causes for this: more economic opportunities → more career focus → delayed marriage → children later → smaller family sizes , ECONOMY GROWS, VERY URBAN, MORE EDUCATION & OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN

DTM: Stage 5

• population pyramid: cup - NEGATIVE GROWTH, MDCs

• example countries: Japan, Germany, MDCs

• HIGH CDR → POPULATION DECREASE (negative NIR), majority of population located in post-reproductive years, LOWER WORKFORCE → HIGHER EMIGRATION INTO COUNTRY

ETM: Stage 4 (Delayed Degenerative)

delayed chronic diseases due to advanced medical tech & modern diets

ETM: Stage 5 (Re-emerging Diseases)

superbugs & mutated pathogens re-emerge due to genetic mutations, urban density, and globalization

ESPN Push/Pull Factors

economic, social, political, or environmental factors that pull (positive reasons that attract individuals toward a place) or push (negative reasons that push individuals away from a place)

Immigration

when an individual enters a country or poltitical territory

Emigration

when an individual leaves a country or political territory

Net Migration

• difference between the number of immigrants (people moving into a place) and the number of emigrants (people moving out of a place) over a specific period

• Net-In Migration = Immigrants - Emigrants

• Net-Out Migration = Emigrants - Immigrants

International Migration

permanent or semi-permanent movement of people across national borders

Internal Migration

• permanent move within a country

• 2 types: intraregional & interregional migration

Cyclic Movement

a short-term, repeating journey that starts and ends at the exact same home base — a routine trip, never a permanent move

• ex: daily school commute, weekly grocery trips, weekend soccer games

Periodic Movement

a long-term, not routine journey — temporary move away from home for a longer period of time (longer than cyclic movement - months or years), but with the plan to eventually return, never a permanent move

• ex: going away to college, military deployment, working a seasonal farming job

Intervening Obstacles

negative situations or events that hinder migration & end up preventing migrants from reaching their final destination

Intervening Opportunities

positive situations or events that hinder migration & end up preventing migrants from reaching their final destination

Gravity Model

• people migrate to places that are closer & have bigger opportunities

• large urban centers have a greater gravitational pull on migrants than smaller places

• as distance increases between two locations, the volume of migration decreases

Refugees

an individual who has been forced to leave their home country and has crossed an international border in order to escape war, persecution, and/or natural disasters

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

an individual who has been forced to flee from their home in order to avoid the effects of natural or human made disaster but have not crossed an internationally recognized state border

Asylum-Seeker

an individual who is seeking international protection

Transnational Migration

a migrant emigrates from their home country to another country but remains connected to their original country

Chain Migration

a process in which a legal migrant, who has become a naturalized citizen, sponsors a family member to immigrate to the country

• ex: a sister moves to the U.S from Afghanistan because her mother is already in the U.S

STEP Migration

migration that happens in stages (migrants will make stops on the way to their final destination)

Guest Workers

a migrant who may temporarily migrate to a new country for work or for educational reasons

Remittances

money an immigrant sends back to their family residing in their home country

Transhumance Migration

migration that is cyclical and revolves around the seasonal movement of livestock

Rural to Urban Migration

movement of people from rural settlements to urban settlements

Counter Migration (Counterflow)

return of migrants to the regions from which they earlier emigrated

Intraregional Migration

migration that involves a permanent move within the same region

Interregional Migration

migration that involves a permanent move from one region of a country to another region of the same country

Xenophobia

a strong dislike of people who practice another culture

U.S Migration Patterns (3)

1. Colonial America: 1607-1840
   a. European settlement - 2 million, mostly British
   b. African slaves

2. 3 European Peaks: 19th century (1840-1910)
   a. 1840s & 1850s:
   - Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany)
   b. 1880s:
   - Northern and Western Europe (Ireland, Germany, Norway, Sweden)
   c. 1900-1910:
   - Southern and Eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, Austria)

3. Less Developed Regions: Second half of 20th century (1950-2008):
   a. Latin America: Mexico, Dominican Republic, El Salvador
   b. Asia: China, Philippines, India, Vietnam

Quotas

legal limits placed on the number of immigrants allowed to enter a country each year

Selective Immigration

a government policy/process that controls immigration by allowing or barring individuals based on specific criteria

Brain Drain

a large-scale emigration of talented people

Brain Gain

a large-scale immigration of talented people

Great Migration (in U.S)

the mass relocation of more than 6 million Black Americans from the rural Southern United States to urban centers in the North, Midwest, and West between 1916 and 1970