HIS 115 Reformation & Orthodox Christianity Terms

Sacraments

People would interact with the Church from birth to death (baptism, confirmation, the Eucharist, penance, holy orders, matrimony, and anointing of the sick)

The Reformation

posing a religious and political change to the Catholic Church

Martin Luther

German theology professor, made the 95 Theses

The 95 Theses

1517 - stated issues with the Catholic Church including indulgences, purgatory, corruption, lack of access to Scripture, etc.

Indulgences

the paying for sins to be forgiven so as not to suffer in Purgatory

Protestantism

Words of Bible rather than power of Church officials; salvation through faith; purgatory, convents/monasteries, indulgences, pilgrimages, procession abolished; 2 sacraments (baptism, eucharist/communion), focus on well-ordered family

Peace of Augsburg

1555 - comprise that each German prince could choose for his kingdom Catholicism or Protestantism, subjects could immigrate smoothly to better-suited areas, first legal basis for coexistence of Lutheranism & Catholicism in Germany

Henry VIII (8th)

excommunicated because the Church did not allow him a divorce, appointed a Protestant advisor in exchange for divorce, founded the Church of England, still practiced Catholicism, hated Luther until his deathbed

The Act of Supremacy

1534 - Church of England founded by Henry VIII, different branch of Protestant

The Counter-Reformation

period of Catholic resurgence in response to the Protestant Reformation, “spring-cleaning” of the Catholic Church and practices

The Council of Trent

1545-1563 - series of meetings that covered the lives of 3 different popes, reexamine/refresh Catholic doctrine, scripture & tradition/pope authority, faith & works/sacraments, founded seminaries, limited indulgences

Eastern Orthodoxy

Constantinople Patriarch excommunicated because he argued his position should be equal to Roman Pope → led to split/schism, Constantinople becomes center “second Rome”, reject papal infallibility

Russian Orthodoxy

Ottoman conquers Constantinople, Moscow = “third Rome”, Filofei tried to get tsar to be leader of Orthodox Christians but he refused = “3 Romes have fallen”, local community directly paid local priests, Rus Ortho priests were very poor

Ivan the Great/Terrible/IV

1530-1584 - first noble to be tsar of all Russia, establish dynasty, drew on religious justifications to solidify power, Church declared his power came from God & history

Times of Troubles

Ivan IV kills his own son, sickly son becomes tsar but dies shortly after Ivan with no heirs, plagues & famines are “God’s Punishment”, Ivan’s relatives/imposters try to take throne but many die, King of Sweden tries to overtake Russia, but Russian princes join up to drive him out

The Great Schism

reform period under new patriarch Nikon and “spring cleans” all religious doctrines/practices, align with Greek Ortho Church because it’s “pure”, standardization of translation, simplifying, extending Church control, sign becomes 3 fingers instead of 2

Old Believers

rejected Patriarch Nikon’s reforms to Russian Orthodox Church, these things were highly meaningful to their everyday lives, regarded Nikon as Anti-Christ, thought plague & solar eclipse were God’s wrath, excommunicated

Icons

very important to the people, there were icon corners in households of saints or religious other figures

Catholicism

Kept many of the old doctrines with limited changes during the Council of Trent and Counter-Reformation

Jan Hus

Prague priest before Luther’s time, excommunicated, called to Church council, arrested and killed; failed at reforming because people feared loss of faith in Church leaders would lead to loss in secular leaders, no printing press, no political support