dosage forms of drugs

dosage forms

• the means (or the forms) by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body.

• preparation of drug compounded in such a manner na madali lang maibigay and mapainom sa pasyente

1. Accurate doses

2. Protection e.g. coated tablets, sealed ampoules

3. Protection from gastric juices

4. Making taste and odor

5. Placement of drugs within body tissues

6. Sustained release medication

7. Controlled release medication

8. Optimal drug action

9. Insertion of drugs within body into body cavities

10. Use of desired vehicle for insoluble drugs

The need for dosage forms

1. Oral dosage

2. Topical

3. Rectal

4. Parenteral

5. Vaginal

6. Inhaked

7. Opthalmic

8. Otic

Classified according to ROUTE

1. Solid

2. Semi-solid

3. Liquid

4. Gaseous

Classified according to PHYSICAL FORM

• tablet

• Enteric coated tablets

• Buccal adm Sublimgual Tablet

• Effervescnet Tablet

• Triturate tablet / Hypo Tablet

• Chewable Tablet

• Capsule

• Gel (capsule)

• Caplet

• Lozenges / Throches

• Pastilles

• Pilla

• Powder (oral)

Solid Oral Dosage Forms

Tablet

• MOST COMMON FORM

• a hard, compressed medication in round, oval, or squared shape

• Solid dosage form containing unit dose of one or medicament

• Sobrangccompressed para hindi matunaw ng tubig pero matunaw siya ng acid ng stomach which will separate the active ingredients and excipients.

• Powder + powder binder = sticky bind

1. To hide the taste of the tablet’s components

2. Make the tablet smoother and easier to swallow

3. Make more resistant to the environment

4. Extending its shelf life

Tablet

• a coating may be applied to

Enteric Coated Tablet

• it goes to the small intestine which will dissolve the caoting

• Are shiny (like nips), coated with sugars and/or oils that can’t be dissolved by the stomach acid which can avoid stomach pian

• may oily coating/substance which is called SALOL

Buccal and Sublingual Tablet

• admisnitered by placing them in mouth, either under tongue (sublingual) or between the gum and the cheek (buccal)

• Are dissolved dapidly and are absorbed through the mucous membranes of the mouth where they enter into the bloodstream

• Less sticky binder

Effervescent Tablet

• uncoated tablets tht generally contain acid substances (citric and tartaric acids) and carbonates or bicarbonates and which react rapidly in the presence of water by releasing CO2

• Ex. Berocca and Fluimicil

• Hindi ganon kacomoressed kaya madaling matunaw

• Effervescent = “bumubula”

• Less binder

Triturate Tablet / Hypo Tablet

• powder + binder excipient

• Dissolve first in water then administered (injected) via parenteral route

Chewablet Tablet

• Less sticky binder

• they are tabs that are chewed prior to swallowing

• Has less excipient and usually has flavor

• Are designed for administration and usually has flavor

• Are designed for administration to children

• Ex.: vitamin products

Capsule

• a medication in a gelatin container

• Can be opened

• 2 parts : cap and bod

• Powder invthe inside

Gel (Capsule)

• soft, gelatin container

• Contains liquid instead of powder

• Ex. : fish oil

Caplet

• capsule in shape but tablet in form

• Shape of a capsule but hard

Lozenges / Throches

• it is uder tablet but has high amount of sticky binder with flavoring and coloring

• a solid preparation consisting of sugar and gum, the latter giving strength and cohesiveness to the lozenge and facilitating slow release of the medicamsnt

• Used to medicate the mouth and throat for the slow administration of indigestion or cough remedies

• Strepsil

Pastilles

• solid soft drug

• Are solid medicated preparations designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth

• Are softer than lozenges and their bases are either glycerol and gelatin or acacia and sugar

• Valda Pastilles or Grether’s Pastilles

Pills

• smallest tablet

• ovoid : round

• Oral dosage forms w/c consists of spherical masses prepared from one or more medicaments incorporated with inert excipients

Powder (oral)

• drug in powder form that is packed in sachet or container for mixture through feeds and drinking water

• Ex: dextrolyte

• oral solutions

• Oral emulsion

• Oral suspension

• Syrup

• Elixir

• Linctuses

• Oral drops

• Gargles

• Mouthwashes

• Extract

Liquid Oral Dosage Forms

Oral solutions

• liquid + liquid = aqueous solution

• Are clear liquid preparations for oral use

• Contains one or more active ingredients dissolved in a suitable vehicle

Oral emulsion

• oil + liquid = oil-water emulsion

• are stabilized oil-in-water dispersions,

• either or both phases of w/c may contain dissolved solids either oil dispersed in finely divided form in water or vice versa

Oral suspension

• solid + liquid = suspension / magma

• Liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients suspended in a suitable vehicle

• May show a sediment which is readily dispersed on shaking to give a uniform suspension which remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose to be delivered

Syrup

• liquid + liquid with flavor

• 80% sucrose

• Concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar, usually sucrose to which medicaments are added

• Flavored syrups are a convenient form of masking disagreeable tastes

• Sweet

Elixir

• liquid + liquid

• Hydrochloric solution

• A pleasantly flavored liquid oral preparation of potent or nauseous drugs

• The vehicle may contain a high proportion of ethanol or sucrose together with antimicrobial preservatives which confers the stability of the preparation

linctuses

• liquid + glycerol

• Are viscous, liquid oral preparations that are usually prescribed for the relief of cough

• Contain a high proportion of syrup and glycerol which have a demulcent effect on the membranes of the throat

• The dose volume is small (5mL) and, to prolong the demukcent action, they should be taken undiluted

• Dapat uminom cold waer after

Oral drops

• liquid preparations for oral use that are intended to be administered in small volumes with the aid of a suitable measuring device

• They may be solutions, suspensions, or emulsions

  
  

Gargles

• they are aqueous solutions used in the prevention or treatment of throat infections

• Usually they are prepared in a concentrated solution with directions for the patient to dilute with warm water before use

• Liquid form mixed with liquid excipients

Mouthwashes

• hygienic purposes, for regular basis

• Similar to gargles but are used for oral hygiene and to treate infectionsof the mouth

Extract

• From plants

Maceration

Extract

• plat + water mixture =

Decocticion

Extract

• maceration

  • ________ - boiling water is used

Infusion

Extract

• maceration

  • ______ - Lukwarmvwater is used

Percolation

Extract

• _______ - filtered plant extract

Tincture (ex: povidone iodine)

Extract

• menstruum + alcohol =

• ointments

• Creams

• Gel

• Poultice

• Paste

• Dusting powders

• Liniments

• Lotions

• Collodion

• Paints

• Pressurized dispensers

Topical Dosage Forms

Ointments

• semi-solid greasy preparations for application to the skin, rectum, or nasal mucosa

• transparent

• starts from powder then mixed with grease

Creams

• semi solid emulsions, that is mixtures of oil and water (excipient)

• Non-transparent

Gel

• semi solid system in which a liquid phase is constrained within a 3D- polymeric matric (excipient) consisting of natural or synthetic gum

• Has a high degree of physical or chemcial cross-linking

• They are used for medication, lubrication, and some miscellaneous applications like carrier for spermicidal agents to be used intra-vaginally

• Powder mixed with oil (no water) and uses glycerin/glycerol

• Jellies / ice gel

Poultice (paste)

• high oil prices+ water excipient which produces heat / irritation for external parasite that it waants to treat

• Old preparation

• Soft, viscous, pasty preparations for external use

• Applied to skin while they are hot

• Must retain heat for a considerable time because they are intended to supply warmth to inflamed parts of the body

• Ex: kaolin poultice (mga manok gumagamit)

  
  

Paste topical & oral

• high solid + high oil = harder

• Basically ointments into which a high percentage of insoluble solid has been added

• In powder form of high concentration mixed with oil and water emulsion

• Fatty and non-greasy

Fatty paste

Leaser’s pastes

Non-greasy paste

Bassorin paste

Dusting powders

• powder drug for external use

• Are free flowing very fine powders for external use

• Not for use on open wounds unless the powders are sterilized

• Drug and excipients is in powder form

Liniments

• Excipient oil = high heat

• Fluid, semifluid, or occasionally semi- solid preparations intended for application to the skin

• May be alcoholic or oily solutions or emulsions

• Most are massaged into the skin (ex: counter irritant)

• Should not be applied to broken skin

• Applied with rubbing friction

  
  

Lotions

• liquid / semi solid / solid

• Excipient is Oil and water

• Fluid preeparations (aqueous) for external application without friction

• Either dabbed on the skin or applied on a suitable dressinG and covered with a waterproof dressing to reduce evaporation

Collodion

• liquid, semisolid, solid

• Excp: cellulose-acetate

• A solution of nitrocellulose in ether or acetate, sometimes with addition of alcohols

• Generic name: pyroxylin solution

• After application, the acetone will evaporate leaving the nitrocellulose. The nitrocellulose will then look like plastic which can be peeled off

• Drug will penetrate the keratin layer

Paints

• liquids for application to the skin or mucous membranes (open wounds)

• Skin paints contain volatile solvent that evaporates quickly to leave a cry resinous film of medicament

• Needs paint brush

Pressurized dispensers

• aerosol sprays / wound sprays

• Several different types of pharmaceutical products may be packaged in pressurized dispensers, known as aerosols

• Surface sprays produce droplets of 100um diameter or greater

• May be used as a surface disinfectants, wound, or burn dressing, relieving irritation of bites

• Spray-on dusting powders are also available from pressurized containers

Self adhesive. / cohesion plaster

• these are tailored for animal by sticking to themselves rather than to the skin/fur itself when used as a protective covering for ear injuries

• Examples includes rheva and snogg plaster

Dressing gauze

• traditional woven cotton fabric treated with agents

• Ex.: petroleum, parslin, antimicrobial ointments (silver suffadlazine, xeroform), iodine

• inhaler

• Nebulizer or atomizer

Inhaled dosage forms

Inhaler

• liquid to gas

• Are solutions, suspensions, or emulsion of drug in a mixture of inert propellants held under pressure in an aerosol dispenser

• Release of a dose of the medicament in the form of droplets of 50um diameter or less from the container through a spring- loaded valve incorporating a metering device

• The patient then inhales the release drug through a mouthpiece

Nebulizer or Atomizer

• a device used to administer medication to people in forms of a liquid mist to the airways

• eye drops

• Opthalmic ointment and gel

Opthalmic dosage forms

Eye drops (liquid)

• are saline-containing drops used as a vehicle to administer medication to the eye

• Depending on the condition being treated, they nay contain steroids, antihistamines, or topical anesthetics

• Sometimes do not have medications in them and are only lubricating and tear-replacing solutions

Opthalmic ointment and gel

• sterile semisolid preparations intended for application to the conjunctive or eyelid margin

• ear drops or otic drops

Otic dosage forms

Ear drops

• solutions, suspensions or emulsions of drigs that sre instilled into the ear with a dropper

• Used tovtreat or prevent ear infections, especially infections of the outer ear and ear canal

Nasal drops and/or nasal sprays

• drugs in solution may be instilled into the nose from a dropper or from a plastic squeeze bottle

Intranasal

Upper respiratory tract

Inhalant

Lower respiratory tract