Cell Cycle Exam ORGANISMAL BIOLOGY 111

Exam 2 MONDAY

Haploid

1 set of chromosomes,

Diploid

2 set of chromosomes

Ploidy

The number of sets of chromosomes

DNA provides? (2 things)

Stability and Variation. DNA provides variety. Theres stability within each organism.

Most protist, fungi, and gametes are?

Haploid organisms, typically having a single set of chromosomes.

Most Humans and Animals are?

Diploid organisms, typically having 2 sets of chromosomes.

Mitosis

Starts with 2 sets of diploid chromosomes and then the nucleus divides leaving them separated

cytokinesis

after the nucleus divides, the cell divides down the middle creating 2 cells

what is mycology?

the study for fungi

characteristics of fungi are?

eukaryotic, mostly multicellular, absorb food, and have chitin cell walls?

what fungi have motile spores?

chytrids; their swimming spores are called zoospores

what is a hypha?

one threadlike fungal filament. Hyphae is plural.

What is a mycelium?

An interwoven mass of hyphae

Solvent

Liquid molecules

Solute

Solid molecule

Diffusion

Random movement of all molecules from high to low concentration

Equallibrium

Equal concentrations of both solute and solvent throughout solution ( always moving)

Osmosis

Diffusion of solvent across a selectively permeable membrane

Are all fungi multicellular?

no, yeast which is a fungi is though.

How do fungi obtain food?

Release enzymes to digest food outside their bodies, then absorb nutrients

What does nonmotile mean?

They can’t move themselves

Septate hyphae is?

Hyphae divided into compartments by cross walls called septa

Aseptate hyphae

Hyphae without dividing cross walls. Many nuclei share the cytoplasm

How does mitosis without cytokinesis connect to aseptate hyphae

Nuclei divide but the cytoplasm does not separate into individual cells

What is a spore

A reproductive cell that can grow into a new organism without fusing with another cell

What is the main difference between spores and gametes

Spores grow alone and gametes fuse to form a zygote

what does a haploid fungal life cycle mean

Much of the life cycle has haploid nuclei and the diploid stage is brief usually

How are asexual fungal spores produced

By mitosis

What is plasmogamy

Cytoplasm joins and the nuclei stay separate

What is karyogamy

Two haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus

Are two separate haploid nuclei the same as one diploid nucleus

No. N + N means separate nuclei. 2n means two sets inside one nucleus

What happens after karyogamg in the fungal sexual life cycle

Meiosis returns the life cycle to haploid stage

What does mitosis do in fungi

Growth and asexual reproduction. It keeps the chromosome set number the same

What distinguishes chytridiomycota

Chytrids produce motile zoospres, they occur in water and on land

What type of hyphae do murcoromycota typically have?

Asepate hyphae

What makes asexual spores in murcoromycota

Sporangia produce haploid spores by mitosis

What is a zygosporangium

A resistant sexual structure that protects the developing sexual stage during harsh conditions

What are examples of mucrormycota

Rhizopus. It’s black bread mold. Then there’s mucor which is a fruit/bread mold. Then there’s pilobolus which is dung fungus

What is ascomycota commonly called

Sac fungi. Typically has septate hyphae

How does ascomycota commonly reproduce asexually

Condiospores produce spores called condia by mitosis

What is an ascocarp

The sexual fruiting body containing asci

What is an ascus

A sad where meiosis occurs, leading to haploid ascospres

What are examples of ascomycota

Peziza, ergot fungi, most yeasts, penecillim, and fungi causing athletes food/ringworm

Why is peniciilium useful?

Some species produce penicillin. Others help make cheese

What is a basidocarp

The sexual fruiting body such as a mushroom

What is a basidium

A club shaped structure where meiosis occurs, producing haploid basidospores

Do typical mushroom forming basidiomycetes produce asexual spores

Usually not in the lifecycle shown in your notes

Examples of basidiomycota

Mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf/bracket fungi

Is a mushroom the entire fungus?

No. It’s a fruiting body. Much of the fungus is mycelium in the substrate

Murcoromycota fruiting/protective structure is?

Zygosporangium

Murcoromycota spore producing structure or site

Sexual stage undergoing meiosis during germination

Ascomycota fruiting/protective structure?

Ascocarp