ANSC 3010 Exam 2 Part I

the MOST IMPORTANT protein supplement for livestock feeding in the US (and many other countries)

soybean meal (SBM)

Protein source collected from the kill floor of slaughter plants, contains 80+% crude protein, is high in lysine but severely deficient in isoleucine. It has low digestibility due to the drying process and therefore is a good source of rumen undegradable protein to ruminants

blood meal

A protein food derived from slaughterhouse waste, is high in collagen, and is of concern because of "mad cow" disease?

meat meal

what is the most common source of non-protein nitrogen for ruminants?

urea

anti-nutritive factor contained in soybeans, and therefore they must be heated to destroy this

trypsin inhibitor

Cottonseed meal contains the toxin ____ which is quite toxic to monogastric animals and may bind to the protein during the heating process, thus lowering lysine availability.

gossypol

This cool season grass typically ranges from 20 to 30% protein but grazing must be managed carefully because of problems with bloat and grass tetany.

wheat

Which "mycotoxin" is of major concern in peanut meal? (hint: it is a major concern with corn too)

aflatoxin

What are the three major systems of grazing management that we discussed in class?

continuous grazing

rotational grazing

strip grazing

Of the 3 systems of grazing management (in the question above), which one results in increased average forage quality by eliminating over and under grazed patches?

rotational grazing

which forage pasture may commonly cause bloat in ruminants?

alfalfa or clovers

which of the following grasses may contain undesirable levels of prussic acid (cyanogenic glycoside)?

Johnsongrass

Warm season grass and is the most extensively produced hay crop in the South?

Bermuda grass

Warm season legume, stemmy and shrubby in appearance, and is important for pasture and hay in SE states

Lespedeza

a cool season grass, which is intolerant to heavy grazing pressure and typically low in magnesium?

Timothy grass

most widely grown clover in North America; similar to alfalfa but not as productive; may cause produce salivation (slobbers) in cattle

Red clover

major pasture legume in North America, Europe, New Zealand, parts of Australia and South America; quite resistant grazing pressure.

White clover

deep rooted, drought resistant cool season perennial grass infested with endophyte fungus that produce ergot alkaloids (DW hated mowing her lawn in Georgia because of this grass!) may cause problems in cattle

tall fescue

if tall fescue is infected with the fungus, what is the name of the condition that may affect the livestock and cause necrosis of the hooves, lower limbs, tail, and tips of the ears?

fescue foot

if tall fescue is infected with the fungus, which species of livestock is the major one affected with fescue foot?

cattle

cool season grass grown extensively throughout Louisiana as forage crop (for pasture, hay, and baleage) (widely used for beef and dairy cattle)

ryegrass

which legume contains coumarin, which may cause "bleeding disease" in animals that consume it?

yellow sweetclover

forage that has been stored at 15% moisture or less:

hay

forage preserved by anaerobic fermentation in a silo:

silage

____ is defined as total plant material available to be consumed by an animal

forage

____ is known as the "queen of the forages"

alfalfa

The chemical and structural characteristics of forages is very important in assessing quality. (spell out your answers!)

Which component includes the cell wall components (Cellulose, Hemicellulose, pectin, Silica, and lignin) and is negatively related to dry matter intake?

NDF --> Neutral Detergent Fiber

The chemical and structural characteristics of forages is very important in assessing quality. (spell out your answers!)

Which component includes cellulose and lignin and is used to estimate the digestibility of the forage?

ADF --> Acid Detergent Fiber

To be classified as a roughage the ____ must be above 18% and the TDN content below 70%

crude fiber

Which warm season legume has been shown to prevent stomach worms in sheep?

Lespedeza

the first limiting amino acid in grain legumes

methionine

list 2 sources of rumen undegradable protein that can be used in ruminant diets

roasted SBM, blood meal, feather meal, SoyPlus, SoyBest

second most important plant protein supplement

cottonseed meal

some protein sources (such as microbial protein and endogenous proteins) can be treated to make them less degradable in the rumen. name 2 methods of protecting feeds from excessive rumen degradation

heat treatment, coat protein with fat, treatment with formaldehyde or tannins, use of amino acid analogs

use of NPN is dependent upon a source of readily fermentable ___ in the diet

carbohydrates

why might feeding poultry litter or dried poultry waste be of concern, especially with sheep?

copper toxicity

there are many feedstuffs that can be used as protein supplements. which one must be restricted several weeks before slaughtering swine because it can cause soft pork?

full fat peanuts

what type of milk product is used in milk replacers, and, to a lesser degree, in solid starter rotations for young pigs and ruminants?

dried whey

in the mixed species grazing, which animals can be used to control poisonous plants because they are resistant to many of the toxins?

sheep and goats

what component of the plant is considered to be completely indigestible?

lignin

what happens to the content of lignin as a plant matures?

it increases

in comparing grasses and legumes, which tend to be higher in protein?

legumes

in comparing grasses and legumes, which tend to be higher in calcium?

legumes

Forage materials ensiled too wet may result in ...?

mold and heat formation, excessive butyric acid formation, improperly packed silage

when Dr. Underwood talked in our class, she showed the class some total mixed rations for dairy heifers.

which type of silage did she use: corn or sorghum?

sorghum

when Dr. Underwood talked in our class, she showed the class some total mixed rations for dairy heifers.

there was a major reason she told us as to why she chooses this type of silage. what was the reason?

???

forage materials ensiles too wet may result in excessive production of which fermentation acid?

butyric acid

in grass tetany, which mineral is usually consumed in excess and really is the problem?

potassium

a respiratory disease of cattle associated with grazing management is ___

acute bovine pulmonary emphysema (ABPE)

which is (or should be) the most abundant acid produced during silage fermentation?

lactic acid

what do the initials RFV stand for?

relative feed value

in determining the RFV of forage, which of the following are used?

NDF

ADF

CP

NDF and ADF

what is the best and most recommended method of preventing milk fever in dairy cows?

injections of vitamin D, low Ca diets before calving, feeding anionic salts

"Dical" is a very commonly used mineral supplement in livestock diets. what is this slang term actually stand for, and what minerals are in this supplement?

dicalcium phosphate

calcium and phosphorus

physic acid is a compound found in soybeans that interferes with the absorption of which macromineral and which micro mineral?

Macro: phosphorus

Micro: zinc

what enzyme is added to swine and poultry diets to increase the availability of phosphorus and zinc?

phytase

salt is craved by livestock and is often fed free choose. we discussed several reasons for feeding salt to livestock. what are 2 of these reasons?

-used to increase water intake (in cattle helps prevent urinary calculi)

-salt is often a carrier for other elements or materials a feeder wants animals to consume

a sheep is suffering from a disorder commonly called stargazing disease. what is this disorder called?

polioencephalomalacia (PEM)

polioencephalomalacia may result when feeding which type of diet?

high grain

polioencephalomalacia - what water soluble vitamin becomes deficient due to proliferation of clostridium bacteria that produce an enzyme to destroy it?

thiamine

polioencephalomalacia - which macro mineral, often high in drinking water and distillers dried grains, can also cause this condition to occur?

sulfur

deficiency of which vitamin and mineral causes white muscle decrease in lambs?

Vitamin E and selenium (Se)

what is the maximum level of fat (in %) recommended in pelleting feeds?

what happens if the feed manufacturer exceeds this limit?

5%

crumble

You are a feed consultant for Cargill Animal Nutrition, and one of your best customers indicates that he wants the pellets you are providing him to be really hard so as not to crumble when he feeds them. What are 2 factors you should consider (2 things you can do) to ensure good pellet quality (in addition to the fat level indicated above?)

pellet binders - maintain pellet quality

fine grinding improves pellet quality

list 2 advantages of pelleted feeds over meal type feeds

prevents sorting

animal preference

increases bulk density

may improve bioavailability of nutrients

coarse grinding of plant energy and protein sources is better than fine grinding. what are 2 problems that may occur with finely ground feeds?

gastric ulcers in pigs

decreased palatability

a processing method in which the oilseed is forced through a tapered die. frictional pressure causes sufficient heating to inactivate many toxins is ___

extrusion

a processing method which uses high temperature, short time cooking off feed to increase digestibility of carbohydrates and inactivate many heat labile toxins and lipases

expander processing

the plant source highest in omega 3 fatty acids

flax seeds

in the article "High Nitrate in Hay Causes Cow Deaths", the author stated that there were 2 products used to improve forage growth last fall. One was nitrogen. What was the other?

poultry litter

total plant material available to be consumed by an animal

forage

raw rock phosphate can lead to a toxicity of this trace mineral

fluorine

fat soluble vitamin found in green leafy forages. it can cause the fat of grass fed animals to be yellow. most likely of the fat soluble vitamins to present toxicity problems

Vitamin A

water soluble vitamin found in animal protein sources, but not in plant protein sources; synthesized by rumen microbes

Vitamin B12

Phytic acid is a compound found in soybeans (and SBM) that interferes with the absorption of which 2 minerals?

P (macro) and Zn (micro)

grass or other forage cut and partly dried until in contains 30-40% moisture, made into large bales which are wrapped tightly in plastic to exclude air

baleage

only trace mineral closely regulated by the FDA

selenium

plants that are able to utilize atmospheric nitrogen via symbiotic relationship with bacteria in root nodules

legumes

free amino groups (most commonly on lysine) bind with sugars to produce indigestible brown polymers; reaction can occur in production of hay silage, and soybean meal

maillard reaction

salivation inducer which is a mycotoxin produced by fungi that grow in red clover

slaframine

deficiency of this macro mineral causes grass tetany

magnesium (Mg)

feed additive used to prevent bloat

poloxalene

problem if grazing grass with too much N fertilizer. it is characterized by labored breathing, bluish mucous membranes, convulsions and brown blood

nitrate poisoning

major volatile fatty acid produced by rumen microbes with high concentrate diets

propionic acid

plant component that includes the cell wall components (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, silica, and lignin) and is negatively related to dry matter intake

neutral detergent fiber

water soluble vitamin that livestock and poultry can synthesize and thus is of little use in the feed industry (except maybe for fish diets)

Vitamin C

micromineral most commonly added to a trace mineral supplement as the sulfate. also commonly used as a growth promotant in poultry. sheep are very sensitive to toxicity.

copper

fat soluble vitamin synthesized by rumen microbes

Vitamin K

plant component that includes cellulose and lignin and is used to estimate the digestibility of the forage

acid detergent fiber

fat soluble vitamin that can be a biological antioxidant; thus it is lost rapidly in any situation resulting in oxidizing conditions; is closely associated with selenium to protect cell membranes

Vitamin E

pellet binder

bentonite

dietary components high in structural fiber (cellulose)

roughage

Bonus

Which forage (shown in the photos in class) was being grazed at the Florida dairy that Dr. W visited?

alfalfa???

Bonus

Which forage did Dr. W conduct her master's degree research with at the University of Georgia?

wheat

Bonus

Which silage additive did Dr. W use in her master's degree project?

ammonia???

Bonus

Dr. Underwood said that she uses "push outs" when formulating some of the bred heifer diets.

What are pushouts?

What concern does she have with using pushouts, so she doesn't use a lot in the diets?

push those weaker cattle out so they can eat what they like until they are full???

Ionophores are commonly used feed additives in beef and dairy cattle diets. We discussed many benefits of ionophores! List 2 of these benefits.

Improves energy metabolism

prevents subclinical and clinical ketosis

improve rate of gain or milk production

prevent coccidiosis

One of the ionophores discussed in class is approved for calves and heifers, while another ionophore discussed in class is approved for lactating dairy cows as well as young cattle.

Which ionophore is approved for both lactating and non-lactating dairy cattle?

Rumensin

high grain

The condition in the photo above may result when feeding which type of diet?

thiamine

The condition in the photo above, What water soluble vitamin becomes deficient due to proliferation of Clostridium bacteria that produce an enzyme to destroy it?