Unit 2 Study Guide

William Henry Harrison died a month into his pregnancy (ebk)

2nd BUS

2nd national bank after 1st charter expired, a part of the American system to regulate money and stabilize economy, but ultimately led nation to economic depression due to reckless loans and faced opposition from Jackson.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams, “remember the ladies.” Political advisor for her husband.

Alexander Hamilton

Founder and leader of federalist party, Secretary of Treasury during Washington’s Administration, introduced financial plan.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Acts created by John Adams that banned free speech AGAINST his administration

American System

Financial plan developed by Henry Clay to bolster American economy. Protective Tariffs, 2nd National Bank, and establishing roads and canals. The last one was rejected by Madison who feared federal government would exercise a power not mentioned in Constitution.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the constitution who saw it as a limitation on individual and states rights. Caused major debate about how much power federal government should have, slavery in question. Included Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and Patrick Henry.

Anti-Masons

1820s movement against Freemasons.

Battle of New Orleans

Weirdly the most important battle of the War of 1812 despite the war ending in 1814 with the Treaty of Ghent. 1815 Victory against British forces and Jackson emerged as national hero. “He could be our president one day.”

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution. These are important as they set up rights of Americans, and also was used to convince people to support Constitution.

Black Hawk War

1832 war with many battles. Sauk leader Black Hawk led followers

Caroline and Creole Incidents

Chesapeake Affair

1807 Naval Engagement, IMPRESSMENT example and the USS Chesapeake was fired at. Public outrage and led Jefferson to enact the Embargo Act.

Clinton's Big Ditch

Nickname for Erie Canal. Built in 1820-1830 Buffalo to Albany, made NYC largest port and construction was overseen by NY governor DeWitt Clinton.

Connecticut Plan

A compromise between Virginia and New Jersey, a two-house Congress consisting of a Senate in which each state had two members, and a House of Representatives apportioned according to population. Senators would be chosen by state legislatures for six-year terms. They were thus insulated from sudden shifts in public opinion. Representatives were to be elected every two years directly by the people.

Corrupt Bargain

Henry Clay chose Q. Adams over Jackson for own presidential ambitions. Led Jackson to revolutionize campaigns.

Daniel Webster

Said that people, not the states, created Constitution, federal government sovereign.

Election of 1824

Jackson won most votes, but not majority, so it went to the House, and Henry Clay, speaker of the house, chose Quincy Adams instead. CORRUPT BARGAIN.

Election of 1828/Jacksonian Revolution

Democratic party used new techniques to gain support for Andrew Jackson, Jackson won, first Democratic president, promised to represent the people. Universal white male voting. Transformed American politics. Campaign promises.

Embargo Act 1807

Failed act that tried to weaponize trade against Britain and France, plummeted economy and was largely ignored.

Era of Good Feelings

1817-1925, Monroe administration. Named this because there was only 1 party government.

Federalists

Party founded and led by Hamilton, Adams, and Washington. Favored strong central government.

Hamilton and the Bank of the US

Third part of his program, main financial agent to hold public funds, issue banknotes, and loan to government. Privately owned.

Hamilton vs Burr Duel

Hamilton dies. Caused by rising tensions between 2 as a result of opposing ideals and parties, and ignited when Hamilton chose Jefferson over Burr to be president.

Hartford Convention

Convention originally seeking to revise Articles of Confederation, instead outright replacing it and coming up with ideas for new government.

Henry Clay

Former War Hawk before War of 1812 and speaker of the house, corrupt bargain with Quincy Adams and made many of the compromises, including Missouri and Tariff of 1833. Founder of Whig Party.

Independent Treasury Plan

Separated federal government from nation’s banking system. Alleviated Panic of 1837.

James Madison

4th US president, during War of 1812. Also helped to write Constitution.

James Monroe

5th President. Responsible for Monroe Doctrine, America power in western hemisphere. Era of Good Feelings.

Jay’s Treaty

Did not mention impressment, 1794. Only told Britain to vacate western frontier forts. Heavy criticism.

Jeffersonian “Revolution of 1800”

Year of campaigning for Jefferson to take office after Adams. Promoted liberty and ended up with Jackson winning. First surrender of power to opposing party, peaceful.

John Adams

2nd President of the United States, founding father. Only Federalist president and responsible for Alien and Sedition Acts. The 1796 election also caused fierce competition, eventually he and Jefferson were pair in administration (THIS IS WHY WE HAVE SEPARATE VOTES FOR THOSE POSITIONS, PEOPLE!) Also less cautious in domestic affairs.

John Marshall

Chief Justice from 1801 to 1835. Responsible for Marbury v. Madison and Mcculloch v. Maryland.

John Q. Adams

6th President of the US and last Democratic Rep president. Corrupt Bargain w Henry Clay and emphasized national welfare (roads and canals, industrialization).

Judiciary Act 1789

Allowed courts to order executive officials to deliver judges’ commissions. Was later deemed unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison.

Judiciary Act 1801

Created positions that led to Midnight judges controversy.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolves

Legislation passed in 1798 and 1799, Jefferson and Madison against Sedition Acts. Virginia Federal Court to protect free speech, Kentucky by Jefferson to nullify federal law if violated Constitution, but removed. This resolve was not largely supported.

Kitchen Cabinet

Term for Jackson’s cabinet consisting of newspaper editors. Not official people.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Regulated land sales in Old Northwest, 640 acre plots, $1 per acre.

Lewis and Clark

Expedition to newly gained Louisiana Territory, scientific reasons. Accompanied by Sacagewea. Reached Oregon.

Macon’s Bill #2

Lifted trade restrictions if either France or Britain stopped interfering. France did so.

Marbury v Madison

Madison refused to make appointed justices from Adams official and assume post. John Marshall declared unconstitutional courts to order executive officials. Court has no power to deliver commission.

Martin Van Buren

8th US President and organized the Democratic party, which created new methods to campaign. Also president during Panic of 1837, hard money president.

Missouri Compromise

Controversy surrounding Missouri territory, free or slave? Eventually, Henry Clay proposed this compromise: Missouri slave, Maine free (equal Congress representation), and established 36 30 divide (Missouri southern border) for free and slave.

New Jersey Plan

Constitutional Convention delegation by New Jersey and rallied by other smaller states that called for one legislative body with equal representation for each state, in fear of Virginia Plan.

Nicolas Biddle

Fought Jackson for recharter of 2nd Bank. Head of the Bank of the United States, used institution’s power to curb overissuing of money by local banks, stable currency.

Non-Intercourse Act

lifted ban of all foreign ports except Britain and France

North American Review

First literary magazine in the US in 1815.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created Northwest Territory and established conditions for self-government and statehood, included Bill of Rights and prohibited slavery.

Oliver Hazard Perry

US naval officer, hero of Lake Erie. Built warships from scratch. “I have hammers.” Turned tide in the Northwest.

Panic 1819

Financial collapse brought on by sharply falling cotton prices, declining demand for American exports, and reckless western land speculation (over speculation).

Panic of 1837

Beginning of major economic depression lasting about six years; touched off by a British financial crisis and made worse by falling cotton prices, credit and currency problems, and speculation in land, canals, and railroads.

Peggy Eaton Affair

Floride Calhoun led Washington society women to ostracize Peggy Eaton, wife of secretary of war, due to being a daughter of a tavern keeper and a woman of “easy virtue.” Helped set Jackson against Calhoun (similar bullying to Jackson’s wife).

Shays’ Rebellion

Emphasized need for a stronger Constitution, as federal government . Attempt by MA farmer Daniel Shays and 1200 compatriots seeking debt relief through issuance of paper currency and lower taxes, to prevent courts from seizing property from indebted farmers.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Drafted by John C Calhoun to protest tariff of abominations, justify nullification.

Specie Circular

Payment for public land will only accept gold and silver, 1836.

Spoils System

Andrew Jackson introduced this, its when a President appoints government posts to those supporters.

Tariff 1816

Protective tariff from cheap British goods. A part of the American System by Henry Clay.

Tariff of 1833

Resolve nullification crisis from SC. Reduced duties. They nullified it anyway LOL.

Tariff of Abominations

Nickname for tariff of 1828, South Carolina opposed it. It reduced rates, however. SC just hated tariffs. SC nullified this tax.

Tecumseh/Tenskwatawa

Shawnee brothers. Tenskwatawa was a prophet who instructed natives to give up white culture and unite, fight against Americans. Tecumseh spread his teachings to rally up Natives. Tecumseh died at Battle of Thames.

The Federalist Papers

85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay to convince people to ratify Constitution.

Toussaint L’ouverture

Haitian general that led people to independence in Saint Domingue, established Haiti.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended War of 1812, status quo, no one really won. Although, American sentiment was spread throughout country for “victory.”

Virginia Plan

Virginia’s delegation to convention, strong central government and two-house legislature apportioned by population.

War Hawks

Congressmen during period before War of 1812 that called for war to defend national honor and more land (Canada and Florida). Included Henry Clay and John C Calhoun.

Washington’s Farewell

Defined 2 year terms for future presidents, and warned against foreign affairs and political parties. (you had ONE JOB)

Washington’s First Cabinet

Secretary of State - Jefferson

Secretary of Treasury - Hamilton
Not mentioned in the Constitution, but not prohibited either. Also people of different beliefs working together.

Whigs

Party that emerged after fall of Federalist Party, championed American system, Westward Expansion, and more roads/canals.

Whiskey Rebellion

Rebellion against Hamilton’s Whiskey tax, Washington’s troops subdued the rebellion. 1794.

William Henry Harrison

Loser that died 1 month into office due to pneumonia. Also fought Tecumseh in Battle of Thames.

Worcester vs. Georgia

1832 Supreme Court case that held that the Indian nations were distinct peoples who could not be dealt with by the states—instead, only the federal government could negotiate with them. Andrew Jackson ignored this LOL, nullified it to justify even more deportation of Indians. Georgia extend jurisdiction over Cherokees.

XYZ Affair

French US affair after France kept seizing US ships, Officers labeled X, Y, and Z from France demanded bribes to free ships.