Psychology chapter 6

learning

An enduring change in behaviour resulting from prior experience.

nonassociative learning

A form of learning that involves a change in the magnitude of an elicited response with repetition of the eliciting stimulus

associative learning

A form of learning that involves making connections between stimuli and behavioural responses

habituation

A form of nonassociative learning by which an organism becomes less responsive to a repeated stimulus

sensitization

A form of nonassociative learning by which an organism becomes more sensitive or responsive to a repeated stimulus

Dishabituation

The recovery of a response that has undergone habituation,typically as a result of the presentation of a novel stimulus

Dual process theory of nonassociative learning

the one that wins out depends on your state of physiological arousal

when aroused-sensitization is more likely than habituation

when relaxed-habituation is more potent than sensitization

associative learning occurs when

a connection or association is made between two events.

types of asssociative learning

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

classical conditioning

A passive form of learning by which an association is made between a reflex eliciting stimulus eg;shock and other stimuli (sounds)

A reflective actions becomes associated with the new stimulus.

Pavlov nuts and bots of classical conditioning

measured dog salivation

the dogs were learning that,if a specific condition was met, the food would arrive soon.

unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that produces a reflexive response without prior learning

unconditioned response

The response that is automatically generated by the unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus

A stimulus that has no prior postive or negative association but comes to elicit a response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned response

A response that occurs in the presence of the conditioned stimulus after an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus is learned.

Acquisition

The intial learning of an association between the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli during classical conditioning

generalization

the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus,so that learning is not tied to narrowly to a specific stimulus. but not overgeneralization,

discrimination

learning to respond to a particular stimulus but not similar, thus preventing overgeneralization.

extinction

an active learning process in which there is a weakening of the conditioned responses to the conditioned stimulus in the absense of the unconditioned stimulus.use ful for getting rid of undesired response.

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of an extinct behaviour after a dely

relearning an association after extinction happens more rapidily

than original conditioning

residual platicity hypothesis

even after extinction, neural networks of learning persit and can lead to savings if conditioning is reinforced

prediction error

A signal in the brain to revise its predictions about how the world works.

Blocking

A classical conditioning phenomenon whereby a prior association with a conditioned stimulus prevents learning of an association with another stimulus because the second one adds no further predictive value

when we block false associations

we are most likely to learn the true causual associations of events.

little albert classical conditioning

They first presented albert with a harmless white rat(NS)

little albert aquisition phase

everytime albert went to touch the rat reasearches made a loud noise (US) that started albert and caused him to cry (UR)

Whenever albert saw the rat (CS)

he would cry (CR) and try to crawl away

Little albert conditioning are generalized to

other white furry objects

counter conditioning

Counteract undesired associations by conditioning new responses to stimuli

negative associations

can be so powerful that they are learned extermely rapidly and are easily generalized even after a single experience

people who experience post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be

stricken with anxiety for years after the event.

fear conditioning depends on the

amydala the region next to the hippocampus in the medial temporal lobe.

most commercials use classical conditioning to make

audienece intrested in a particular product or brand.

operant conditioning

An active form of learning by which an association is made between a stimulus eg:shock) and a voluntary response (a press of a button)

ABC of operant conditioning

Antecedent

behaviour

consequence

antecedent

the stimulus that precedes the behaviours and signals a context in which certain behaviours can lead to certain consequences

behaviour

The voluntary action that takes place

consequences

the stimulus after the behavior that either increases or decrease the likehood that the behaviour will be repeated.

law of effect

The idea that behaviour is a functions of its consequences actions that are followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and behaviours that are followed by negative outcomes are weakened

reinforcement

A consequence that increases the likehood that a behaviours will be repeated.

Punishment

A consequences that decreases that likelihood that a because will be repeated

Primary reinforcers

a consequence that is innately pleasurable and/ or satisfies some biological need. eg:food,drink,warmth

secondary reinforcers

a learned pleasure that acquires value through experience because of its association with primary resources eg;money can be used to purchase food and drink.

positive reinforcements

The presentations of a positive stimulus leading to an increase in the frequency of a behaviour eg:children are given stickers for working hard.

negative reinforcements

the removal of negative stimulus,leading to an increase in the frequency of a behaviour. for example :Taking pain mediation to relieve a headache.

Postive punishment

The presentation of a negative stimulus, leading to a decrease in the frequency eg:getting scolded by a teacher

negative punishment

The removal of postive stimulus,leading to a decrease in the frequency of behavior for example:Teacher taking away your phone after you use it one too much times.

negative punishment may not always be

appropriate or productive

children seem to learn better with reinforcement than with

punishment

premack principle

The idea that activities individuals frequently engage in can be used to reinforce activities that they are less inclined to do.

Delayed reinforcement

Recieving reinforcement after having already performed a behaviour some time ago eg;paychecks-after you work

delayed discounting

Future consequence have less potency than consequence that are immediate

B.F skinner

placed rats and pigeons in operating condition chamber (skinner boxes) in order to study their behaviours.

Free operant responses

Allow the animal to respond to any time and as many times as needed without intervention because there is no clear endpoint or goal

shaping

The process by which random behaviors are gradually changed into a desired target behavior

Reinforcement of successive approximations

reinforcing behavior that are closer and closer to the desired end behavior

Instrinctive drift

An animal’s reversion to behaviours instead of demonstrating newly learned responses.

Continuous reinforcement schedule

A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is rewarded every time it is performed.(vending machine)

Partial reinforcement schedules

A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is rewarded only some of the time.(claw machine)

Fixed ratio schedule

A reinforcement schedule in which a specific number of behaviors are required before reward is given.(doesnt change)

variable ratio schedule

A reinforcement schedule in which an average number of behaviors are required before a reward is given (keeps changing and less predictable)

Fixed interval schedule

A reinforcement schedule based on a fixed amount of the time before an award is given(doesnt change)

variable interval schedule

A reinforcement schedule based on an amount of time between reward s that varies around a constant average (keeps changing)

contigent reinforcement

A specific response is reinforced because it yields desired change in the environment.( for example; if i study i get a cookie if i do not study i do not get any cookie) reward depends on behaviour

noncontigent reinforcement

A reward delivered on a fixed interval schedule no matter what behavior the organism is engaging in (reward does not depend on behaviour)

superstitious conditioning

A form of operant conditioning in which a behaviour is learned because it was concidentally reinforced but has no actual relationship with reinforcement.( for example, if anytime i wear a necklace and someone gives me $10 concidentally which makes me think the necklace makes me get money)

latent learning

learning that occurs without incentive or any clear moltivation to learn.( for example ,I walk into a classroom and I see a poster, I see the same poster every single day, but then I don't actually, like, learn the poster. But then I automatically know what is in the poster and i get no reward for it).

cognitive map

an internal mental representation of the world eg :rats learned a maze without being rewarded for completing it.

learning curves

we acquire knowledge or skills incrementally through trial and error (for example if i get a maths homework and i dont know the answer i keep trying till i get the answer)

observational learning

A form of of learning in which a person observes and imitate a behaviour from a model eg:i saw my aunty make someones hair and when doing my own hair i did it the same way she did it.

imitation

The purporsal copying of a goal directed behaviour eg:copying how my aunty makes some one hair)

Social learning theory

A theory theory stating that learning is a cognitive process derived from social observations rather than direct reinforcement of motor actions eg:if someone see me teach a class and they learn how i do it.

social learning process

attention

retention

motor reproductive

reinforcement

Vicarious reinforcement

an increase in a behavior due to the observer witnessing the model being reinforced for that behavior. seeing your friend get a candy for answering a question

vicarious punishment

A decrease in a behavior due to the observer witnessing the model being punished for that behavior seeing your friend get shouted out for using phone in church

mirror neurons

neurons that are active both when performing an action and when the same actions are observed in others. eg : (if i pick a candy and neurons become active and then watch someone else pick a candy and the same kind of neurons become active.)

cultural tramission

The transfer of information from one generation to another that is maintained not be genetics, but by teaching and learning eg:my dad teaching me how to make banga soup

vertical transmission

the transmission of skills from parent to offsprings eg:my dad teaching me isoko language

horizontal transmission

the transmission of skills within the same generation eg:my friend teaching me how to ride a bycicle

diffussion chain

A process in which individuals learns a behavior by observing a model and then serve as models from whom other individual can learn for example : i learn how to dance and teach someone else