(A&P 2) Urinary System

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, 1 urethra

what 6 organs compose the urinary system?

filtration of blood

main function of urinary system

nitrogenous

urinary system excretes ________ waste

volume and pressure

urinary system helps regulate blood ______ and blood _____

solute concentration

the urinary system regulates the ___________ of blood

pH

urinary system regulates the ____ of extracellular fluid

erythropoietin

the kidneys produce __________

Vitamin D

urinary system aids in __________ synthesis

calcitrol

hormone made by the kidneys, needed for absorption of calcium phosphate, active form of vitamin D

blood calcium levels

the kidneys produce calcitrol which indirectly helps regulate _____________

uric acid

Nitrogenous waste formed when proteins are used in cells. It is excreted by the kidneys in urine.

ammonia

A small, very toxic molecule made up of three hydrogen atoms and one nitrogen atom; produced by nitrogen fixation and as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism.

creatinine

waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine

internal urinary sphincter

sphincter of the muscle system made of smooth muscle

external urinary sphincter

sphincter of the muscle system made of skeletal muscle

internal urinary sphincter

which sphincter keeps male semen out of the bladder?

external urinary sphincter

which sphincter is located at the pelvic floor?

internal urinary sphincter

which sphincter holds urine in the bladder?

ureter

#1

opening of ureter

#2

rugae

#3

prostate gland

#4

external urinary sphincter

#5

peritoneum

#6

smooth muscle

#7

trigone

#8

internal urinary sphincter

#10

prostatic urethra

#11

bulbourethal gland

#12

bilateral retroperitoneal

location of kidneys

hilum

notch in kidneys where arteries, veins, and nerves enter

renal cortex

the cortex of the kidney containing the glomeruli and the convoluted tubules

renal medulla

Inner tissue layer of the kidney. Contains loops of Henle and collecting tubules. Contains pyramids.

renal sinus

central area of the kidney that includes the calyces, renal pelvis, renal vessels, fat, nerves, and lymphatics

calyces

system of ducts carrying urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis

renal pelvis

a structure shaped like a funnel in the outlet of the kidney into which urine is discharged before passing into the ureter

nephron

microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each capable of forming urine

collecting ducts

receives urine from many nephrons and runs downward through the medullary pyramids, giving them their striped appearance. they give the striped appearance. as they approach the renal pelvis, they fuse to form larger papillary ducts, which empty the final urinary product into the clayces and pelvis of the kidney

interlobular arteries

#1

renal column

#2

renal sinus

#3

hilum

#4

renal pelvis

#5

papilla of pyramid

#6

ureter

#7

medulla

#8

renal capsule

#9

cortex

#10

minor calyces

#11

major calyces

#12

medullary pyramid

#13

renal corpuscle

the capsule that contains Bowman's capsule and a glomerulus at the expanded end of a nephron

glomerulus

small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of a nephron; where the filtration of blood takes place

bowman's capsule

cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and which filtration takes place.

renal tubules

microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration

proximal convoluted tubule

part of the renal tubule where 75% of the salts, water, glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed

distal convoluted tubule

Between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct; Selective reabsorption and secretion occur here, most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and sodium

loop of henle

The loop of the nephron that dips downward into the renal medulla. The loop of Henle sets up a concentration gradient in the kidney such that from the cortex to the renal pelvis osmolarity increases. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water, but not to sodium whereas the ascending limb is permeable to sodium, but not to water (and in fact, actively transports sodium out of the filtrate).

interlobular

#1

interlobar

#2

segmental

#3

renal artery

#4

renal vein

#5

lobar

#6

arcuate

#7

proximal convoluted tubule

#1

glomerulus

#2

distal convoluted tubule

#3

collecting tubule

#4

vasa recta

#5

efferent arteriole

#6

afferent arteriole

#7

interlobular

#8

juxtamedullary nephron

#9

arcuate

#10

descending limb

#11

ascending limb

#12

henle's loop

#13

cortical

85 percent of nephrons are _______

juxtamedullary

15 percent of nephrons are _______

micturition

Process of emptying the bladder; urination; voiding

2-3 years

when does voluntary inhibition of micturition reflex develop?

200 ml

how much urine initiates the micturition reflex?

1000 ml

maximum amount of urine the bladder can hold

afferent arteriole

The small artery that carries blood toward the capillaries of the glomerulus.

efferent arteriole

The small artery that carries blood away from the capillaries of the glomerulus.

peritubular capillaries

The network of tiny blood vessels that surrounds the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney

renal corpuscle

where does filtration occur?

renal tubules

where does reabsorption and secretion occur?

filtrate

fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli of the kidney

hydrostatic pressure

what force drives filtration?

plasma proteins

what does not get filtered from the blood?

proximal tubule

where does 65 percent of reabsorption occur?

loop of henle

where does 15 percent of reabsorption occur?

proximal tubule

where are all nutrients reabsorbed?

sodium

what is transported through active transport in the proximal tubule?

facilitated diffusion

how are the nutrients other than sodium transported back into the blood in the proximal tubule?

descending limb

where is the filtrate concentrated?

sodium, potassium, water

what gets reabsorbed in the descending loop of henle?

ascending limb

where does the dilution of urine begin?