Foot

What is the plantar aspect of the foot?

The ventral and posterior area of the foot.

What does the dorsal aspect of the foot refer to?

The dorsal and anterior area of the foot.

Describe the cutaneous distribution of the dorsum of the foot.

Involves the Saphenous n., Superficial fibular n., Deep fibular n., and Dorsal lateral cutaneous n.

What nerves are involved in the cutaneous distribution of the plantar aspect of the foot?

Saphenous n., Medial plantar n., Lateral plantar n., Dorsal lateral cutaneous n., and Calcaneal branches.

What are the components of the deep fascia of the foot?

Includes the Extensor retinaculum, Superior and Inferior layers, and Superficial and Inferior fibular layers.

What is the plantar aponeurosis?

A part of the deep fascia of the foot.

List the muscles in the first layer of the plantar aspect of the foot.

Abductor hallucis, Flexor digitorum brevis, Abductor digiti minimi.

What is the vascular plane in the foot?

The space containing the Lateral plantar nerve and artery, and the Medial plantar nerve and artery.

Describe the innervation of the medial plantar nerve.

Innervates Abductor hallucis, Flexor digitorum brevis, Flexor hallucis brevis, and the 1st lumbrical.

Where do most muscles of the plantar aspect receive their spinal innervation from?

S2 and S3, with the exception of Flexor hallucis brevis which is from S1 and S2.

What is the origin of the Abductor digiti minimi?

Medial and lateral processes of the calcaneal tuberosity and the plantar aponeurosis.

What is the action of the Abductor hallucis?

It abducts and flexes the hallux.

What is the insertion point for the Abductor hallucis?

Medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.

What is the primary action of the Flexor digitorum brevis?

Flexion of the lateral four toes.

Describe the superficial vascular layer in the plantar aspect of the foot.

Includes the Medial and lateral plantar nerves and arteries, and common and proper plantar digital nerves.

What does the neurovascular plane refer to?

The space between the 1st and 2nd layers of the foot.

What muscles are included in the second layer of the plantar aspect of the foot?

Lumbricals and Quadratus Plantae.

What joint actions do the Lumbricals facilitate?

Flex the metatarsophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints.

What are the components of the third layer of the plantar aspect of the foot?

Adductor hallucis, Flexor hallucis brevis, Flexor digiti minimi.

What is the innervation of the Adductor hallucis?

Lateral plantar nerve.

Describe the deep vascular layer of the plantar aspect of the foot.

Contains the plantar arch, deep plantar artery, and branches related to Adductor hallucis and Flexor digitorum brevis.

What is the origin of the Flexor hallucis brevis?

Plantar surface of the cuboid, the lateral cuneiform, and the tendon of tibialis posterior.

What defines the transverse arch of the foot?

Runs side to side and includes the cuboid and three cuneiforms.

What types of digital arteries and veins are present in the dorsum of the foot?

Dorsal digital arteries and veins, including medial marginal and lateral marginal veins.

What vessels contribute to the dorsalis pedis area?

Anterior tibial artery, lateral and medial tarsal arteries, and dorsal metatarsal arteries.

What are the arches of the foot?

Medial longitudinal arch and lateral longitudinal arch.

What is the role of the Plantar metatarsal arteries?

Provide blood supply to the toes and foot.

What is the origin of the Extensor hallucis brevis?

Dorsal aspect of the calcaneus.

Describe the insertion point of the Extensor digitorum brevis.

Lateral side of the tendons of extensor digitorum longus for the 2nd to 4th toes.

What anatomical feature do the Dorsal digital nerves serve?

They provide sensory innervation to the skin of the dorsal aspect of the toes.