VPHY 3108 Test 2

Hematology Learning Objective 1

Done

What are the functions of blood?

Transport of gases, immune function, pH buffering

What is the total volume range of blood in males?

5-6 liters

What is the total volume range of blood in females?

4-5 liters

What is the typical pH range of blood?

7.35-7.45

What two categories form whole blood?

Plasma and formed elements

What are the formed elements of blood?

RBC, WBC, platelets

What is hematocrit?

Percentage of RBC in a blood sample

What is the difference between plasa and serum?

Plasma can’t clot

If you want to see coagulation factors in blood would you want plasma or serum?

Plasma

Is plasma a colloid?

Yes

What composes 90% of plasma?

Water

What things that dissolve in water can be found in plasma?

Carbs, porteins, ions, lipoproteins

What are the nitrogenous wastes of plasma?

Urea and creatinine

What are the lipids of plasma?

Fatty acids

What are the proteins in plasma?

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

What does albumin do?

Osmotic pressure and carrier

What do alpha/beta globulins do?

Carry metal ions

What do gamma globulins do?

Antibodies

What is the sign for anitbodies?

Ig

Where is albumin made?

Liver

What are all of the solutes that contribute to osmotic pressure?

Sodium, glucose, albumin

What are the white blood cells?

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

If platelets aren’t cells what are they?

Cell fragments

Hematology Learning Objective 2

Done

What cells can undergo mitosis in the bone marrow?

Pluripotent stem cells

What is the other name for pluripotent stem cells?

Hemocytoblast

What is hematopoiesis?

Formation of WBC, RBC, and platelets from pluripotent stem cells

Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults?

Epiphysis of a few long bones and spongy portion of flat bones

What are the two main differentiations from the hemocytoblast?

Myeloid and lymphoid stem cells

What can the myeloid stem cell differentiate into?

Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes

What can the lymphoid stem cell differentiate into?

Lymphocytes

What are the granular leukocytes?

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, basophils

What are the agranular leukocytes?

Monocytes and lymphocytes

What can monocytes differentiate into?

Macrophages

What can lymphocytes differentiate into?

Plasma cells

What makes EPO and why?

Kidneys when oxygen is low

What are the two stages that a hemocytoblast goes through before becoming an erythrocyte?

Normoblast and reticulocyte

What is the difference between a normoblast and a reticulocyte?

Normoblast eject the nucleus and reticulocyte mature into RBC

Where are the three locations that erythropoiesis moves through before ending up in solely in bone marrow?

Mesenchyme, to liver, spleen and lymphoid to bone marrow and liver

What is the function of hemoglobin?

To carry oxygen

What is the normal range of hemoglobin in men?

13.5-17.5 grams per deciliter

What is the normal range of hemoglobin in women?

12-15.5 grams per deciliter

How is the bulk of CO2 transported in the body?

Bicarbonate buffer system

Where to RBCs go when they lose their flexibility?

Liver and spleen

What happens to the parts of the hemoglobin when a RBC is broken down?

Iron is stored and reused in liver, globin chains are broken down into amino acids and reused in spleen, heme is broken down in the liver and forms bilirubin that leaves with bile

What is polycythemia, What are common causes, and Why is it bad?

Erythrocytosis, polycythemia vera, high altitudes, blood becomes too viscous and impairs circulation

What is the definition of anemia?

Decrease in total RBC mass

What are the three common types of anemia?

Hemorrhagic, iron deficiency, hemolytic

What causes aplastic anemia?

Failure or destruction of bone marrow

What is thalassemia?

Inherited blood disorder that leads to decreased hemoglobin production

What causes pernicious anemia?

B12 deficiency

What cause sickle cell anemia?

Faulty hemoglobin

What are the hallmark features of blood type A? (glycoprotein, antibody, antigen, compatible with)

A glycoprotein, anti b antibodies, a antigen, A and O

What are the hallmark features of blood type B? (glycoprotein, antibody, antigen, compatible with)

B glycoprotein, anti a antibody, b antigen, B and O

What are the hallmark features of blood type AB? (glycoprotein, antibody, antigen, compatible with)

A and B glycoproteins, no antibodies, A and B antigens, everything

What are the hallmark features of blood type O? (glycoprotein, antibody, antigen, compatible with)

No glycoprotein, anti a and anti b bodies, no antigens, O

What are antigens on RBCs called?

Agglutinogens

What do you compare to predict transfusion reactions?

Donor’s RBCs and recipient’s antibodies

How do you blood type?

Take a blood sample and expose it to all of the antibodies. It is the inverse type of the antibody that makes it clot.

What makes blood positive or negative?

D antigen or Rh factor

Can Rh negative people give blood to Rh positive people?

Yes

Describe erythroblastosis fetalis

During first pregnancy if baby has D antigen then mom will produce antibodies. During the second pregnancy if baby has D antigen then mom will transfer antibodies to baby and kill it

Where are all of the locations that WBCs can be found? (4)

Bloodstream, tissues, lymph nodes, spleen

Where are half of your circulating WBCs most of the time?

Marginated on vasculature wall

What is emigration of WBC into the tissue called?

Diapedesis

What is chemotaxis?

Chemicals attract WBCs to areas of the body

What does the major histocompatibility complex do? (MHC)

WBC communication

What is the mnemonic for WBC abundance from highest to lowest?

Never Let Monkey Eat Bananas

What is the relative abundance of WBC types from high to low?

60, 50, 5, 3, 1

What cell type is first to respond for WBCs?

Neutrophils

What do neutrophils kill?

Bacteria

What do Eosinophils combat?

Parasites and allergies

What granules do basophils contain?

Histamine and heparin

What do basophils cause in the body?

Inflammation

Which WBC type causes anaphylatic shock?

Basophils

How does anaphylactic shock happen ?

Basophils degranulate in blood stream

What are monocytes called when they reside in the tissue?

Macrophages

What are the three major types of lymphocytes?

T cells, B cells and natural killer cells

What do T cells do?

Specific immunity

What do B cells do?

Make antibodies

What do natural killer cells do?

Patrol body and destroy cells that are abnormal

What is leukopenia?

Low WBC count

Why is leukopenia bad?

Increase risk for infection

What is leukocytosis?

High WBC count

What does myeloid leukemia lead to?

Granulocyte production

What does lymphoid leukemia lead to?

lymphocyte production

What WBC type has irregular nuclei?

Neutrophils

What is thrombocytosis?

High platelets

What is thrombocytopenia?

Low platelets

What is the normal amount of platelets in a cubed mm? (range)

150,000-400,000

What are the four stages of hemostasis?

Vessel constriction, primary hemostasis, secondary hemostasis, stable clot formed

Thrombus vs embolus

Thrombus is a clot that is not moving and embolus is when it moves

What are the four steps of coagulation?

formation of prothrombin activating complex, Formation of thrombin, formation of fibrin, clot retraction

What two things are needed to make thrombin and where is the first one made?

Prothrombin and prothrombinase in liver

What two things are needed to make fibrin and where is the first one made?

Fibrinogen and thrombin in liver

What is plasmin?

Enzyme that breaks down fibrin

What does plasmin break fibrin down into?

Fibrinogen

What two things are needed to create plasmin?

Plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator

What is fibrinolysis?

Dissolving clot after it is no longer needed