Health Assesment Exam 2 Material

how does high chloesterol effect arteries

builds plaque

how does diabetes and hypertension effect the heart

change volume of blood to be pumped

what does chronic hypoxemia do to the blood vessels

vasoconstriction

difference between stable angina and unstable angina

can be relieved with rest or medication, new changes or chest pain at rest aka medical emergency

what is orthopnea

person must sit up or stand to breathe easily

difference between anemia fatique and acute blood loss fatigue

gradually and lasts all day, occurs rapidly

if the patient is fainting what should you ask

have you hit your head

when can swelling of extremities occur

right sided heart failure

the mitral and tricuspid valves are also called what

the AV valves

what is the purpose of the AV valves

regulate blood flow from the upper and lower chambers

the aortic and pulmonic valves are also called what

the semilunar valves

what do the semilunar valves do

regulate blood flow to the arteries and prevent backflow

what causes the S1 heart sound

closure of AV valves

what causes the S2 heart sound

the closure of the semilunar valves

define 0+, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+ pulse

absent, diminished, normal, full volume, bounding

what is the purpose of the allen’s test

see how quick blood flow occurs back to radial and ulnar arteries

define 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+ on the pitting edema scale

barely but small indent (2mm), rises after a few seconds (4mm), deep pit with rebound in 10-20 seconds (6mm), deeper pit with rebound in more than 30 seconds (8mm)

where is S1 heard best, how about S2, what do they indicate

apex of the heart, base of the heart, beginning of systole, beginning of diastole

what causes S3, when is it heard

fluid overload, after S1 and S2

what causes S4, when is it heard

stiff ventricle, before S1 and S2

what is associated with S3

rapid filling against ventricle wall, CHF, abnormal walls

what is associated with S4

rush of blood with atrial contraction, aortic or pulmonic stenosis

what is included in right heart failure

right ventricle failure, hypertrophy from pulmonic hypertension or necrosis from myocardial infarction, blood backflows into inferior and superior vena cava

symptom of right sided heart failure

swelling in extremities, S3 heart sound, systolic murmur, weight gain

what is included in left sided heart failure

left ventricle cannot contract due to increased workload, aortic stenosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, blood backs up into left atrium and eventually into the lungs leading to pulmonary edema

symptoms of left sided heart failure

fatigue, orthopnea, S3 heart sounds, systolic murmur, crackles in the lungs, pulmonary congestion (lungs)

What is an arterial insufficiency

any condition that slows or stops the flow of the blood through the arteries

what could cause arterial insufficiency

hardening of the arteries

symptoms of arterial insufficiency

absence of hair, cooler skin temp, no edema, slow cap refill, thickened nails, crampinng or leg pain that is induced with activity

symptoms of venous insufficiency

pain or aching that is relieved with elevation, lower leg edema, skin may feel warm or hot, skin is thickened, ulcerations

where does deep vein thrombosis usually occur

lower leg

symptoms of deep vein thrombosis

low grade fever, fatigue, extremity may feel tense, full and heavy, nodules or lumps, pain, red to blue color