Give Me Liberty: Chapter 8

When did Washington become the 1st president?

April 30, 1789. In his speech, he said the success of the new government was to maintain political harmony. was president for 8 years.

Jobs of Adams Jefferson and Hamilton during Washington's presidency

Adams: VP

Jefferson: Secretary of State

Hamilton: Treas. Dept. head

Steps 1-2 of Hamilton's Financial Plan

1. establish new nation's credit-worthiness (Person loans money to gov. by purchasing bonds, would be repaid)

2. Creation of new national debt (old debts would be replaced by new-interest bearing bonds issued to gov. creditors. Gave men of economic substance stake in promoting nation's stability. Taxed coffee, tea, spirits because they needed $ for war debt.

Steps 3-5 of financial plan

3. Creation of National US Bank (hold public funds, issue bank notes as currency, loans to gov.)

4. Tax on whiskey producers

5. Imposition of tariff(tax on imported goods)- government subsidies to encourage development of factories that could manufacture products purchased from abroad

Report on Manufactures

3rd report of Alexander Hamilton, recommended economic policies to stimulate new economy and ensure independence won in revolutionary war.

Purpose of Hamilton's financial plan

Establish financial stability, powerful financial interests, encourage economic development. Also, make the US a military and commercial power modeled off Great Britain.

Opposition of Financial Plan

Madison & Jefferson thought the future lay in westward expansion. Their goal was a republic of independent farmers marketing grain, tobacco, and other things throughout the world. Free trade could promote American prosperity and social equality. The thought the Hamilton standing army was a threat to freedom. Rose from South.

Strict Constructionist

Insisted Federal Government could only exercise powers listed in constitution

1790 Famous Dinner

Jefferson brokered an agreement where southerners accepted Hamilton's financial plan in exchange for establishment of the capitol on the Potomac River. Pierre-Charles L'Enfant designed a plan for the federal city modeled on European urban centers

Americans opinions on French Revolution

They welcomed/encouraged it. They didn't want the US to be a part of the war though.

Jefferson thought the revolution marked what historical victory?

Victory for Self Government

1793 Proclamation of American Neutrality

declared US as a neutral nation in conflict between Britain and France

Genet Affair

Edmond Genet was seeking to arouse support for his government. He commissioned US ships to attack the British under the French flag, the Washington administration recalled him.

Impressment

British seized hundreds of American ships trading with the French West Indies- kidnapped American sailors (including ones with British origin) to serve in their navy.

Jay's Treaty

Contained no British concessions on impressment or the rights of American shipping. Britain did abandon outposts. US guaranteed good treatment towards British imported goods. It canceled the American-French alliance.

Federalist Party

"Language of Liberty". Washington supporters, believed in Hamilton's economic program and close ties with Britain. Merchants, farmers, lawyers and established political leaders were usually federalists. Outlook was elitist (hierarchical views). Freedom equaled deference to authority.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794, broke out when backcountry Pennsylvania farmers wanted to block the collection of the new tax on distilled spirits. The rebels displayed banners and held poles saying "liberty or death". Washington dispatched militia to Penn. to end it.

Republican Party

Sympathetic to France and self-government. Republicans were usually wealthy southern planters, ordinary farmers, and urban artisans. critical of social and economic inequality, accepting of broad democratic participation. Political language became heated.

Public sphere in 1790s

Establishment of 1000 post offices, Growth of american press. Many men wrote pamphlets and essays.

The Key of Liberty

written by William Manning, he declared between the division of the most important society was the "few" and many"

Democratic- Republican societies

French revolution supporters and critics of Washington formed 50 democratic-republican societies. Free inquiry and communication formed the unalienable rights of free men. Political liberty = constant involvement in public affairs. It disappeared by 1795.

Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Mary Wollenstone Craft published a pamphlet about how the rights of humanity shouldn't be just for males. Wrote about access to education, women should support themselves. Dropped hint that women should have government representation.

Hannah Adams

1st American women to support self as an author

Judith Sargent Murray

Also known as 'the gleaner', wrote for the Massachusetts Magazine. studied alongside her brother since she couldn't go to college, essay 'equality of sexes' published.

Constitution use of males

The constitution didn't actually say "male" in it but women wanted the use of she in it.

Washington's farewell address

warned against party spirit and told countrymen to avoid international power politics

XYZ Affair

American diplomats sent to Paris for treaty to replace old alliance. French demanded for bribes before negotiators could proceed. The French officials designated by XYZ.

Fries Rebellion

Farmers in Pennsylvania obstructed tax on land and homes. John Fries and others released men from prison. Federal army arrested Fries and terrorized his supporters

Alien and Sedition Acts

Allowed deportation of "Dangerous" people, and prosecution of any public assembly critical of government. It was also called "reign of witches" bc it was similar to the salem witch trials.

Matthew Lyon

Congress member and editor of The Scourge of Aristocracy, he was in prison for 4 months and charged $1000 for sedition

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Madison and Jefferson drafted resolutions adopted by Virginia and Kentucky. They attacked sedition laws, states could prevent enforcement of laws within borders. Jefferson insisted states could punish seditious speech even if government didn't.

Revolution of 1800

Also known as "Jefferson and Liberty". It was the switch from federalists to republicans in the presidency.

Jefferson's odd constitutional crisis

Jefferson and Burr both had 73 votes so the election was thrown to the house of representatives. Hamilton really hated Burr so he voted for Jefferson. Because of this, the 12th amendment was adopted. Burr later killed Hamilton in a duel

Slavery

3/5 of slaves were counted in apportionment. Franklin agreed to serve as the Pennsylvania Abolition Society leader. Madison believed that slavery should be out of politics.

Fugitive Slave Law

Provided federal & state judges and local officials to facilitate return of escaped slaves.

Haitian Revolution

In Saint Domingue, Toussaint L'Overture and his rebellious slaves army wanted to defeat the british forces and restablish French authority. It established Haiti as an independent nation. Thousands of free Africans emigrated to Haiti because of the good government.

Gabriel's Rebellion

Gabriel and his brothers wanted to march around the city to kill some white people and hold the rest until the abolition of slavery. A storm came and the leaders were arrested and hung. It tightened black population controls.

Jefferson's presidency

He wanted limited government and to dismantle the federalist system. He pardoned people imprisoned from the sedition act, reduced government employees, abolished all taxes except tariff, and he paid off part of the national debt.

Marbury vs Madison

Madison refused to issue commissions to the midnight judges (16 federalist justices commission made at midnight) including Marbury. John Marshall's decision courts order officials to deliver commissions, but court had no power under constitution for Madison to deliver it. Judicial Review was created : supreme court can determine whether congress act violates constitution

Louisiana Purchase

Resulted from Haitian revolution. France got Louisiana in 1800 and Napoleon offered to sell the territory for the US for $15 million because from the war France had a lot of debt. Jefferson doubled the size of the US and ended French presence in America. Jefferson committed an act beyond the constitution bc it isn't stated in the constitution that US could purchase land. Jefferson said it was ok if the country remained agricultural.

Lewis and Clark

explored ohio valley to study flora and fauna and also to find a water route to Pacific. Sacajawea was the interpreter and guide. It demonstrated the possibility to travel to pacific.

French & Spanish with Blacks in New Orleans

accorded them with nearly all rights as white people, they could obtain freedom easily, slave women could go to court for rape, and women were recognized with having property.

Barbary Wars

Barbary states (northern Africa) preyed on shipping to protect vessels, pirates captured 13 ships and 100 Americans as slaves. Since Jefferson didn't increase pay for ransom, Tripoli started a war against US. Naval conflict ended with US winning at Tripoli harbor. It was the 1st encounter w/ Islamic world.

Embargo Act

ban on American vessels sailing for foreign ports. It devastated the US port city economy.

Non-intercourse act

banning trade with Britain and France. If either side rescinded edits against the US, commerce would resume.

Macon's bill no.2

allowed trade to resume, but provided that if France or Britain ceased interfering with US rights, president could reimpose embargo on the other. Bonaparte repealed decrees on shipping, British kept attacking

War Hawks

Nationalist political leaders who wanted war against British. Henry Clay & John C. Calhoun were famous war hawks.

Jefferson's view on Indians

Favored removal of Mississippi River Indian tribes who wouldn't cooperate. He wanted Indian land west of the Appalachians, but Washington's policy of settled farming remained in tact.

Creek&Cherokee and native Indians

Creek&Cherokee Indian-white men promoted civilization and native indians were angered about that. The age of prophecy was when the revitalization of tribes and Handsome Lake believed that in order to get autonomy, Indians couldn't keep challenging the whites.

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

Tecumseh was the Shawnee chief who didn't sign the Greenville Treaty and thought whites were evil. Tenskwata was his brother who was a religious prophet, and believed in separation and traditional culture. Tecumseh wanted Neolins pan-indian alliance. He wanted to attack US frontier settlements but when he was absent, William Harrison destroyed his town (Prophetstown).

War of 1812

Madison asked congress for a declaration of war and won. It was the first time US called war on another country. Britain was busy at the time, but once they defeated Napoleon forces invaded US and burned down DC. In August, the US ship Constitution defeated the British ship Gurriere (Oliver Perry British Naval Force later). When the British tried to assault Fort Mchenry, the fort withstood. Star Spangled banner created then

War of 1812 pt. 2

Tecumseh was killed in 1813. In 1814 Americans and Cherokees battled at Horshoe Bend, killing 800 Indians making Andrew Jackson a hero for making them cede 1/2 of their land to federal government.

Andrew Jackson

Fought off British Invasion in New Orleans 1815. Reunited free men of color to forces (sons of freedom) and promised same pay and bounty as recruits.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended war in December 1814. It only reached others after the Battle of New orleans.

War's aftermath

Completed conquest of area east of Mississippi river, Indians & British no longer posed as a threat, broke all powers of Indians. Lots of White people migrated to Indiana, Michigan, Alabama, and Mississippi. Napoleon was defeated. Canada gained a sense of nationalism.

Hartford Convention

December 1814, New England Federalists in Hartford gave voice to the party's grievences. They called to get rid of the 3/5 clause in the constitution, and talked about how the power from the federal government was too much. This was ignored and pretty much ended the Federalist party.