AP Human Geography: Population, Health, and Migration

Practice vocabulary flashcards defining key demographic measures, spatial population distributions, demographic and epidemiologic transition stages, and migration concepts from the lecture.

Overpopulation

A condition occurring when the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Census

The complete enumeration and process of counting a population in a given region, which can be controversial due to nonparticipation and sampling methods.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The percentage by which a population grows in a year, calculated as $\frac{\text{CBR} - \text{CDR}}{10}$.

Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population, calculated with the formula: $70 \div \text{NIR}$.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of objects or people in a given area.

Physiological Density

The number of people supported by a unit area of arable land.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of arable land.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface that is permanently settled by human beings.

Non-Ecumene

The areas of Earth's surface that are not permanently inhabited by humans or are extremely sparsely populated.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years, currently averaging $2.5$ globally.

Demographic Transition

The process of change in a society's population from high crude birth and death rates to low crude birth and death rates as a country develops.

DTM Stage 1 (Low Growth)

A demographic stage characterized by very high crude birth rates, very high crude death rates, and virtually zero or very low natural increase.

DTM Stage 2 (High Growth)

A demographic stage characterized by a high crude birth rate, a rapidly declining crude death rate, and a very high natural increase rate, exemplified by The Gambia.

DTM Stage 3 (Moderate Growth)

A demographic stage characterized by a rapidly declining crude birth rate, a moderately declining crude death rate, and moderate natural increase, exemplified by Mexico.

DTM Stage 4 (Low Growth)

A demographic stage characterized by a very low crude birth rate, a low or slightly increasing crude death rate, and an approximately zero natural increase rate, exemplified by Denmark.

Possible DTM Stage 5

A hypothesized demographic stage characterized by a very low crude birth rate, an increasing crude death rate, and a negative natural increase rate, observed in Russia and other former Communist European countries.

Industrial Revolution

A period involving major improvements in manufacturing goods and delivery that increased wealth and pushed Europe and North America into Stage 2 of the demographic transition around 1750.

Medical Revolution

The diffusion of medical technology and improved sanitation practices that eliminated major causes of death, propelling developing countries into Stage 2 around 1950.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A condition in Stage 4 of the demographic transition where the crude birth rate declines to equal the crude death rate and the natural increase rate becomes zero.

Gender-Based Selection

The practice of favoring one sex over another when determining whether to keep a child, leading to an estimated 700,000 'missing' female babies annually through sex-selective abortion, infanticide, or concealment.

Sex Ratio

The standard biological measure defined as the number of males per 100 females in a population.

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management.

Population Pyramid

A bar graph displaying the percentage of a place's population divided into separate age cohorts and gender groups.

Dependency Ratio

The ratio comparing the number of people who are too young or too old to work (under age 15 and over age 65) to the productive working-age population.

Elderly Support Ratio

The number of working-age individuals divided by the number of persons aged 65 and older, projected to decline to approximately 4 workers per retiree by 2050.

Epidemiology

The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases prevalent among a population at a particular time.

Epidemiologic Transition

A model that outlines distinctive health threats and primary causes of death associated with each stage of the demographic transition.

Pandemic

An outbreak of an infectious disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

Stage 1 Epidemiologic Transition (Pestilence and Famine)

An epidemiological phase marked by high mortality rates caused by infectious diseases, malnutrition, and famines, resulting in low life expectancy.

Stage 2 Epidemiologic Transition (Receding Pandemics)

An epidemiological phase where death rates rapidly drop due to improved sanitation, nutrition, and medical treatment, leading to an increasing life expectancy.

Stage 3 Epidemiologic Transition (Degenerative Diseases)

An epidemiological phase marked by a sharp decrease in infectious disease deaths alongside a rise in chronic, age-associated disorders such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers.

Stage 4 Epidemiologic Transition (Delayed Degenerative Diseases)

An epidemiological phase where medical advances and healthier behavioral choices delay the fatal impacts of chronic degenerative diseases, prolonging life expectancy.

Possible Stage 5 Epidemiologic Transition

A potential stage characterized by the reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases caused by microbial evolution/drug resistance, persistent poverty, and global connectivity.

Malthusian Theory

The theory formulated by Thomas Malthus stating that population grows geometrically while food production grows arithmetically, causing population growth to outstrip available food resources.

Neo-Malthusians

Modern population theorists who argue that rapid population growth combined with broader resource depletion makes Malthus's warnings even more dangerous today.

Circulation

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements of individuals that recur on a daily, weekly, monthly, or annual schedule.

Immigration vs. Emigration

Immigration refers to the permanent movement of people into a location, whereas emigration refers to the permanent movement of people away from a location.