Russia: Military History and Notable Events

1223 - 1241 - Mongol Invasion of Kievan-Rus (All Facts)

• Conflict in which Batu Khan and the Mongols defeated and conquered the many fragmenting principalities of the namesake state

  • They took Vladimir, Yaroslavl, and Rostov

• War and conquest which ended with the Siege of Kiev, completing the destruction of the Kievan Rus and its fragmented principalities

1240 - Siege of Kiev (All Facts)

• Battle in which Batu Khan and the Mongols defeated the Kievan Rus Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia

1245 - 1618 - Lithuanian-Muscovite Wars (All Facts)

1380 - Battle of Kulikovo (All Facts)

• Battle in which Grand Duke Dmitri Donskoy and his Russian forces defeated Mamai and his Mongolian forces

• Battle that took place on Curlew Field in Tula Province

• Battle in which exhausted Russian soldiers were treated to the novel sight of an entire “unbeatable” Mongol army galloping at speed away from them

• Battle in which Grand Duke Dmitri Donskoy missed the great moment, lying under a tree concussed

• Battle in which Mamai rode against Russia with 30K warriors, including Genoese mercenaries

• Battle during which Mamai forged an alliance with Lithuania, whose armies had been coming the opposite way

• Battle in which Grand Duke Dmitri Donskoy made a forced march to intercept Mamai, then staked everything on an opposed crossing of the Don River, straight into action

• Battle during which Grand Duke Dmitri Donskoy’s secret cavalry reserve swept onto the field to secure victory

• Battle after which Moscow emerged as the focus of Russian opposition to the Mongols after the Tatars were defeated in it

1425 - 1453 - Muscovite War of Succession (All Facts)

• Conflict over the Russian throne and position of the Grand Prince of Moscow

• Conflict of rivalry between Vasily II and Dmitri Shemyaka

  • After Vasily II was captured by Khan Ulag-Mahmed of the Mongolian Empire, he was freed on payment of a huge ransom, and Shemyaka began plotting in earnest

  • Vasily II was arrested and blinded, but again freed

  • This was Shemyaka’s biggest mistake because his cousin raised an army and one year and one day after being blinded returned to Moscow in triumph over Shemyaka, thereafter planning to expand Muscovite territory

• Conflict which ended with the exiling and poisoning of Dmitri Shemyaka

1512 - 1522 - Fourth Lithuanian–Muscovite War / Ten Years’ War (All Facts)

• War in which Vasily III and his Muscovite forces, with the help of Mikhail Glinsky and Lithuanian rebels, defeated Sigismund and his Polish-Lithuanian forces

• War in which Vasily III and his Muscovite forces gained control of Smolensk after two bloody but abortive previous attempts to take it

• War which ended with an armistice conceding control of Smolensk to Vasily III

  • War whose armistice treaty was also a diplomatic coup for Vasily III

1534 - 1537 - Fifth Lithuanian-Muscovite War / War of Starodub (All Facts)

• War in which King Sigismund of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania and his Lithuanian-Polish forces failed to regain Smolensk and lost it to Russia

• War after which Prussia still remained a fief of Poland

1552 - Siege of Kazan / Conquest of Kazan Khanate (All Facts)

• Battle in which Tsar Ivan IV and his Russian forces defeated and conquered the Kazan Khanate and its Tartar forces

• Battle in which Tsar Ivan IV, with a force of 150K men, captured Kazan, the Tartar capital on the Volga River, after using gunpowder to breach the walls

1552 - 1556 - Kazan Rebellion (All Facts)

• (Failed) Revolt of the Kazan Khanate against Ivan IV and the Tsardom of Russia after it had conquered it

1554 - 1556 - Conquest of Astrakhan Khanate (All Facts)

• Battle in which Tsar Ivan IV and his Russian forces defeated and conquered the Astrakhan Khanate and its Tartar forces

1558 - 1583 - Livonian War (All Facts)

• War in which Tsar Ivan IV and his Russian forces were defeated by Poland, Lithuania, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Transylvania, and the namesake confederation

• War which Tsar Ivan IV began due to

  • his ambition to transform Russia, which, at the time, had a rudimentary agriculture and little industry; by taking control of the Baltic and its ports, as they had already become, at the time, important centers of international trade and offered the prospect of benefit from the more advanced western countries of the time

• War in which Tsar Ivan IV

  • sent his troops into the namesake kingdom / confederation in a lightning strike designed to secure the Baltic region for Muscovy (Russia) and give it an outlet to the west

• War in which Tsar IV and his Russian forces

  • seized several large towns and fortresses

  • disputed with one another in Moscow and ultimately destroyed their momentum

  • may have overreached themselves during that period of the Tsar’s imperial expansion, but the Baltic region would have been a considerable prize nonetheless

• War which saw

  • The Siege of Narva

  • The Siege of Pskov

• War during which

  • the namesake Order of Knights managed to improve its military and diplomatic posture, still being the area’s main defense force

  • Riga (modern-day Latvia; of the namesake confederation / order) put itself under the protection of Poland

  • the namesake confederation was partitioned as Sweden and Denmark were poised to take over (modern-day) Estonia and Courland

• War which ended when Russia made peace with Poland gave up its claims to the Baltic state of Livonia

1558 - Siege of Narva (All Facts)

• Battle in which Tsar Ivan IV and his Russian forces defeated the Livonian Confederation and captured the namesake Livonian city (modern-day Estonia) during the Livonian War

1581 - 1582 - Siege of Pskov (All Facts)

• Battle in which the Russian forces defeated the Polish-Lithuanian forces during the Livonian War

1568 - 1570 - First Russo-Ottoman War (All Facts)

• War in which Tsar Ivan IV and his Russian forces defeated Sultan Selim II and his Ottoman forces

• War in which the Ottoman Empire tried but failed to take control of the Astrakhan Khanate region previously controlled, and controlled thereafter, by Russia

• War in which the Ottoman forces failed to take Astrakhan despite hauling their ships over land from the Don River to the Volga River

• War in which the Ottoman forces retreated taking heavy losses and thus allowing the Astrakhan region to remain under the control of Russia

1570 - Massacre of Novgorod (All Facts)

• Incident in which Tsar Ivan IV ordered his Oprichniki of his Oprichnina to sack and destroy the namesake town because he suspected it of betraying Russia (via paranoid claims of treason) and seeking union with Poland

• Incident in which Tsar Ivan IV’s Oprichniki reached the peak of their atrocities as they devastated the namesake town and killed 60K (of their own, Russian) people, many of which were pushed through holes in the ice

1580 - 1778 - Russian Conquest of Siberia (All Facts)

• Series of conflicts in which

  • Yermak Timofeyevich and his 1,500 Cossack mercenaries (hired by the Stroganov family) of Muscovy (Russia) defeated the Kuchum Khan and the Sibir Khanate and the Siberian Tartars and captured the Khanate’s capital of Kashlyk

• Development in which, under the reign of Tsar Michael Romanov, small groups of Russian pioneers

  • crossed the namesake region and eventually reached

    • the Pacific Ocean, where they founded the city of Okhotsk

    • the Amur River

  • acquired vast territories in northern Russia by

    • being trappers and traders motivated by easy profits and moving eastwards as a result

    • sending tax collectors deep into the namesake area, even if few colonists were willing to join the natives (who eked out an existence on the chilly steppes)

    • overwhelming and exploiting the native / indigenous namesake population

    • establishing Russian rule by building strategically located fortifications

      • These forts ensured Russia’s control of the local population

  • dominated Siberia, which fell to Russian rule

• Development in which, the further east one went into the namesake inhospitable land, the smaller the population became

• Development in which the namesake territory held substantial wealth as more than one fashionable Muscovite owed his family fortune to the pioneering journeys into Russia’s namesake fruitful eastern territory whose voyages towards it were only for the hardy

• Development in which the near-effortless advance by Russians into the namesake area was checked on the banks of the Amur River by Manchu forces of China, dispatched by Beijing to avenge a heavy Chinese defeat there

  • However, Beijing’s victories in the area were too late to oust the Russians from their new bases further north along the Pacific Ocean

• Development during which Russians settled in Albazino in attempt to penetrate the forests of Manchuria, which were rich in fur-skinned animals

• Development whose traders were eager to exploit the namesake territory’s riches and eventually provoked Qing Chinese suspicions until the Qing Chinese reacted violently to the namesake incursion in territory Qing China had already claimed

• Development in which the Russians continued to expand eastwards through the vast namesake territories, and eventually reached and conquered the Kamchatka Peninsula

1598 - 1613 - Time of Troubles (All Facts)

• Period of political instability in Russia following the death of Feodor, the last of the House of Rurik until the transition was complete with the accession of Michael, the first of the House of Romanov

• Period of political instability in Russia which included

  • intrigue involving pretenders to the throne and their revolting (under and after the reign of Boris Godunov)

  • the “Great Famine of 1601”

  • the “Bolotnikov Uprising”

  • the Russo-Polish War of 1609

    • the Siege of Smolensk

• Period of political instability in Russia which saw the short reigns of

  • Boris Godunov

  • Feodor II

  • False Dmitry

  • Vasily IV

  • False Dmitry II

1591 / 1593 - 1606 - Long Turkish War / Thirteen Years’ War / Fifteen Years’ War / Sixth Habsburg-Ottoman War (All Facts)

• War in which Murad III, Mehmed III, and Ahmed and their Ottoman forces fought against Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and the Habsburgs (Holy Roman Empire and Spain) and their allies; which ended in a stalemate

• War during which Ottoman forces captured the fortress of Raab in Hungary

1596 - Battle of Mezőkeresztes (All Facts)

• Battle in which Mehmed III and his Ottoman forces defeated Sigismund Bathory and his Habsburg forces and allies during the Long Turkish War / Thirteen Years’ War / Fifteen Years’ War / Sixth Habsburg-Ottoman War

• Battle in which Mehmed III

  • was personally responsible for turning the tide of battle, despite a mass desertion by the Ottoman Turkish infantry

  • in one fell swoop, saved a huge swathe of territory for the Ottoman Empire, saving its possessions in Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Hungary despite a string of previous Hungarian military victories

  • tried to follow the “siphahis” when they walked off the battlefield, but his generals held a council of war to persuade him to stay with the rest of his army

• Battle which

  • began badly for the Ottoman forces, when early reverses caused the “sipahis,” the fief-holding backbone of the Ottoman forces, to simply walk off the battlefield

• Battle in which the overconfident Christian Habsburg forces broke rank to plunder the Ottoman Turkish camp, only for the Ottoman cavalry to kill them and take enormous booty including a hundred cannons

• Battle in which 30K Hungarians and Germans died

1596 - Union of Brest / Union of Brest-Litovsk (All Facts)

• Synod which was responsible for the creation of the Ruthenian Uniate Church

• Synod in which the Jesuit Order managed to unite the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches in modern-day Ukraine, a region of the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth at the time, after only a year of negotiation

1601 - 1603 - Russian Famine (All Facts)

• Famine which

  • occurred

    • under the regime of Tsar Boris Godunov

  • was the result of

    • a series of disastrously poor harvests

  • reduced men to

    • eating grass

    • eating birch bark

    • cannibalism

  • caused

    • widespread profiteering

    • a sharp increase in the price of bread

    • many landowners to have drove their peasant populations from their estates, unable to feed them

    • the formation of marauding bands of homeless peasants who attacked the granaries of the merchants

• Famine in which

  • 125K people starved to death in Moscow alone

  • whole village populations disappeared

  • government decrees did little to ameliorate the problem

1607 - Bolotnikov Uprising (All Facts)

• Suppressed Peasant Revolt led by the namesake during the Time of Troubles

• Revolt in which the nobles initially supported “False Dmitry” before he was ousted by Tsar Vasily IV, and initially joined the peasants; until, they were alarmed by the size of the movement and betrayed the namesake rebellion leader and had him imprisoned

1609 - 1618 - First Russo-Polish War (All Facts)

• War in which King Sigismund III and his Polish-Lithuanian forces defeated Tsar Vasily IV and his Russian and Swedish forces

• War in which King Sigismund III proclaimed that his own son, Ladislaus IV, be the new Tsar of Russia

• War during which the Poles pressed home their advantage by occupying Moscow while the Swedes entered Russia

• War during which the Russians forced the invading Poles to capitulate and, incensed by Polish and Swedish advances into their lands, the Russian people organized against them

  • This operation was undertaken by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky

• War during which Poland had Smolensk in its possession by the end of the “Time of Troubles” and used it as the base for the offensive

  • At one point during the war, this caused serious concern to Tsar Michael, who had been grappling with a host of domestic problems which he inherited when he assumed the throne

  • Somehow, in response to this development, Moscow withstood the assault by the Polish forces

• War which ended with the Truce of Deulino, which was signed after the failure of the offensive which brought Polish troops near Moscow after they ran short of ammunition and provisions and withdrew

1609 - 1611 - Siege of Smolensk (All Facts)

• Battle in which King Sigismund III of Poland-Lithuania and his Polish-Lithuanian and Cossack forces defeated Russia and their combined Russian and Swedish forces in the Russo-Polish War

1610 - 1617 - Ingrian War (All Facts)

• War in which Gustavus Adolphus and his Swedish forces defeated Russia and its forces

• War which ended with the Treaty of Stolbovo

1617 - Treaty of Stolbovo (All Facts)

• Peace Treaty between Russia and Sweden, ending the Ingrian War

• Peace Treaty which effectively ended the occupation of northern Russia by Gustavus Adolphus and his Swedish forces

• Peace Treaty in which

  • Sweden agreed to evacuate Novgorod and other areas of northern Russia

  • Sweden agreed to renounce its claim to the Russian throne

  • Sweden agreed to renounce plans for expansion towards the Whit Sea

  • Russia had to pay an indemnity of 20K silver roubles to Sweden in exchange

  • Sweden retained the southern coast of Finland

  • Sweden retained its contact with its Estonian possessions

  • Russia (Muscovy) was cut off from the Baltic

  • Russia did not get back the towns conquered by Boris Godunov prior to the “Time of Troubles”

1618 - Truce of Deulino (All Facts)

• Peace Treaty signed between Russia and Poland-Lithuania, which ended the Russo-Polish War of 1609

• Peace Treaty in which

  • Poland retained the provinces of Smolensk and Seversk

  • recognized the “election” of Michael Romanov to the throne of the Tsardom of Russia, in succession to Poland-Lithuania’s Ladislaus IV (despite not having yet renounced a claim to that throne which stemmed originally from the “Time of Troubles")

1632 - 1634 - Smolensk War (All Facts)

• War in which King Ladislaus IV and his Polish-Lithuanian forces defeated the Russian forces

1632 - 1633 - Siege of Smolensk (All Facts)

• Battle in which King Ladislaus IV and his Polish-Lithuanian forces defeated the Russian forces during the namesake war

• Battle which was begun by the Russians but whose namesake town remained in Polish hands

• Battle during which King Ladislaus IV arrived later to relieve the namesake town, having obtained the support of the Dnieper Cossacks after they were disillusioned by Russia’s failure to come to their aid previously

• Battle which ended when the Russian forces accepted an armistice from King Ladislaus IV and the remaining 8K Russian forces were permitted to retire

1648 - Salt Riot / Moscow Uprising (All Facts)

• Revolt by the people of Moscow against heavy taxation under the reign of Tsar Alexis

1648 - 1666 - The Deluge (All Facts)

• Series of military campaigns which coincided simultaneously within Poland-Lithuania during the namesake years, ending Poland’s “Golden Age”

• Period during which invasion, war, plague, slave raids, and mass murdered reduced the Polish population by almost half

• Period which began when the Cossacks invaded Poland on two fronts after swearing an oath of allegiance to Tsar Alexis of Russia when King John II Casimir failed to make an agreement with them

• Period in which Sweden was alarmed by the Cossack invasion of Poland, and so they descended on Poland themselves from Pomerania and Livonia

• Period in which Brandenburg-Prussia and Transylvania also descended on Poland as a result of Sweden’s actions

• Period during which John II Casimir was in continual conflict with the Sejm over money and constitutional issues

• Period during which many towns throughout Poland were destroyed

1648 - 1657 - Khmelnytsky Uprising / Cossack Revolution / Cossack-Polish War (All Facts)

• Conflict in which the namesake and his Cossack forces revolted against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and their Polish Catholic landlords

• Conflict in which the namesake was joined by thousands of Orthodox peasants who banked on the Cossacks to free them from their Polish Catholic landlords

• Conflict which led to the creation of the Cossack Hetmanate (Cossack Ukraine)

• Conflict during which the namesake and his Cossack forces murdered Jewish citizens of the Cossack Hetmanate (Cossack Ukraine)

1654 - 1667 - Second Russo-Polish War (All Facts)

• War in which Tsar Alexis and his Russian forces and Bohdan Khmelnytsky and his Ukrainian Cossack forces defeated John II Casimir Vasa and his Polish forces

• War during which the Ukraine comes under Russian domination

• War after which Russia emerged as a major European power

1650s - 1690s - Russian Orthodox Church Schism / Raskol (All Facts)

• Period of religious and social turmoil in Russia during which dissenters opposing the authority of the Russian Orthodox Church appeared in great numbers, and were persecuted and suppressed by the ecclesiastical hierarchy and secular government

• Period during which thousands were killed in the namesake religious rift sparked by moves to change some traditions of the Russian Orthodox Church

• Period during which the “Old Believers” emerged, which separated from the Russian Orthodox Church, and were originally followers of Avvakum Petrov, who denounced Nikon, the Patriarch of Moscow, as a heretic

1655 - 1660 - Northern War (All Facts)

• Series of conflicts which began when Charles X Gustav of Sweden decided to invade Poland-Lithuania and took Warsaw, in a preemptive attack to protect Sweden from a Russian attack

• Series of conflicts over the Baltic Sea, which, like the Mediterranean Sea, was a vital route for seaborne trade, especially with southern Europe, and which

  • possessed prized resources for trade with Mediterranean countries including

    • iron

    • copper

    • salt-herrings (a vital source of food at the time)

    • grain (for the rest of Europe)

    • wood

    • naval supplies (that were in great demand)

  • was of such strategic and economic importance that other European countries supported Denmark-Norway to prevent Sweden from gaining complete control over the Baltic Sea, including

    • the Netherlands

    • the Holy Roman Empire and Brandenburg-Prussia

    • Russia

• Series of conflicts in which

  • Charles X Gustav of Sweden broke off his campaign against Poland to turn on Denmark-Norway in the First Dano-Swedish War

  • Denmark declared war on Sweden in the Second Dano-Swedish War

• Series of conflicts which thus included

  • The First Dano-Swedish War

  • The Second Dano-Swedish War

  • The War of Rupture

• Series of conflicts in which were signed

  • The Treaty of Konigsberg

  • The Treaty of Roskilde

  • The Treaty of Valiesar

• Series of conflicts which ended with

  • The Treaty of Oliva

  • The Treaty of Copenhagen

  • The Treaty of Cardis

1656 - 1658 - War of Rupture (All Facts)

• War in which Sweden and its forces defeated Tsar Alexis and his Russian forces

• War which ended with the

  • Treaty of Valiesar

  • Treaty of Cardis

1658 - Treaty of Valiesar (All Facts)

• Peace Treaty signed between Sweden and Russia which ended the War of Rupture

1661 - Treaty of Cardis (All Facts)

• Peace Treaty signed between Sweden and Russia which confirmed the prior Treaty of Valiesar and which

  • restored the status quo of territorial possessions between Sweden and Russia, with Russia surrendering all gains it had made in the Baltic Sea region

1667 - 1671 - Razin’s Rebellion (All Facts)

• Rebellion in which the namesake and his Cossack forces, protected and eventually aided by Russian peasants, revolted against Tsar Alexis and the Tsardom

• Rebellion which was the culmination of a series of peasant revolts which broke out in protest of

  • price increases in salt and copper

  • food shortages

  • the tyranny of serfdom

• Rebellion in which Cossacks

  • plundered Tsar Alexis’s ships on the Volga River

  • roamed the countryside as bandits, protected by the peasantry

• Rebellion during which Vaska Us had marched towards Moscow to appeal to Tsar Alexis collecting several thousand supporters, only to return to the namesake’s bases after refusing to hand over the rebels to the Tsar

1672 / 1676 - 1681 - Second Russo-Turkish War (All Facts)

• War in which Sultan Mehmed IV and Kara Mustafa Pasha and their Ottoman forces foguht against Tsar Alexis and Tsar Feodor III and the Russian forces, which ended in a stalemate

• War which began when Kara Mustafa Pasha and his Ottoman forces launched a campaign to expel the Russian and Poles from Ukraine

• War which ended with the Treaty of Radzin

1681 - Treaty of Radzin (All Facts)

• Peace Treaty which ended the Second Russo-Turkish War, in which the Ottoman Turks gave up claims to Ukraine

1682 - Streltsy Moscow Uprising (All Facts)

• Bloody Revolt of the Streltsy which led to the regency of Sophia Alekseyevna

1683 - 1699 - Great Turkish War / Eighth Ottoman-Habsburg War (All Facts)

• War during which the armies of the Holy League were drawn from the Republic of Venice, Poland, Malta, Tuscany, and the Papacy and moved steadily across Hungary to force the Ottoman Empire out of Hungary

• War in which the Ottoman Empire suffered a major reverse at the hands of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold’s Habsburg forces which boldly fought their way across the plains to occupy much of Hungary and Transylvania (Romania) in the namesake campaign

• War which saw the

  • Battle of Vienna / Battle of Kahlenberg

  • Siege of Buda

  • Battle of Mohacs

  • (First) Siege of Belgrade

  • (Second) Siege of Belgrade

  • Battle of Zenta

  • Third Russo-Turkish War

  • Sixth Ottoman-Venetian War / Morean War

• War during which the Ottoman Empire lost control of Albania, the latest Balkan outpost of the weakened empire to succumb to a rising tide of nationalism as

  • Albania began to revolt following the Ottoman forces and their defeat in the Battle of Vienna / Battle of Kahlenberg

  • Albanian rebel forces seized Kamina, Vlore, and Medun (the citadel) in insurrection against the Ottoman Empire

  • Albanian anti-Ottoman resistance during the namesake war was primarily based on an unusual coalition of urban Muslims and rural Christians

• War during which the Ottoman Empire lost control of Montenegro, another Balkan outpost of the weakened empire to succumb to a rising tide of nationalism

• War which ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz

1685 - 1686 - Siege of Albazin (All Facts)

• Battle in which Qing forces defeated Russian forces during the Russian Conquest of Siberia and Sino-Russian border conflicts

• Battle which ultimately ended in the surrender of the namesake to Qing China and Russian abandonment of the Amur River area in return for trading privileges in Beijing

• Battle in which the Qing destroyed the namesake Russian fort on the Amur River and besieged it again when it was rebuilt by the Russians

1686 - 1700 - Third Russo-Turkish War (All Facts)

• War in which Tsar Peter and his Russian forces defeated the Ottoman forces and Crimean Khanate

• War which Russia declared after joining Pope Innocent XI’s Holy League and ensuring the safety of Kiev by a treaty with Poland

• War which was part of the Great Turkish War / Eighth Ottoman-Habsburg War

• War which saw the

  • Azov Campaigns

1689 - Treaty of Nerchinsk (All Facts)

• Treaty signed between the Qing Dynasty of China and the Tsardom of Russia which

  • ended twenty years of border fighting between (Russian) Cossacks and Qing forces

  • formally established the boundary between the two countries along the Argun and Gorbitsa Rivers and the Stanovoi mountain range

  • recognized Qing China’s claim to the land north of the Amur River

• Treaty signed at the namesake Siberian frontier post

• First Treaty China signed with a Western Power

1695 - 1696 - Azov Campaigns (All Facts)

• Series of sieges in which Tsar Peter and his Russian forces defeated the Ottoman forces during the Third Russo-Turkish War

• In the first siege, Tsar Peter and his Russian forces laid siege to the namesake Ottoman-held city on the Don River, but they failed and suffered heavy casualties

• In the second siege, they mounted a blockade with their newly built fleet and successfully captured it from the Ottoman forces

1698 - Streltsy Uprising (All Facts)

• Revolt which was brutally suppressed by Tsar Peter when he had around 1,000 of them put to death

1699 - Treaty of Karlowitz (All Facts)

• Peace Treaty signed between the Holy Roman Empire, Austria, Poland-Lithuania, the Republic of Venice (Italy), the Papacy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire; which ended the Great Turkish War / Eighth Ottoman-Habsburg War

• Peace Treaty in which, after its signing, Central Europe was no longer controlled by the Ottoman Empire but by the Holy Roman Empire / Habsburg Dynasty

• Peace Treaty in which the Ottoman Turks ceded

  • Transylvania and Hungary to Austria

  • Morea and Dalmatia to Italy (Venice)

  • Part of Ukraine to Poland (Poland-Lithuania)