DW Honors Unit 4 Section 4

Vocabulary flashcards covering Romanticism, Realism, 19th-century scientific breakthroughs, Darwin's theory of natural selection, and Herbert Spencer's Social Darwinism.

Romanticism

A 19th-century movement that emerged as a reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; it glorifies emotion, the past, imagination, and fantasy, featuring literary characters who retain self-worth despite social rejection.

Eugène Delacroix

A prominent Romantic artist whose paintings emphasize color, feeling, imagination, and fantasy.

Ludwig van Beethoven

A key Romantic composer celebrated for channeling emotion and dramatic feeling through music.

Realism

A 19th-century artistic and literary movement that depicts life as it really is, avoids emotion, prefers novels to poetry, and examines social issues.

Gustave Courbet

A Realist artist known for painting real people and photorealism rather than idealized or romanticized subjects.

Louis Pasteur

A scientist who proposed the germ theory of disease, leading directly to the development of sterilization processes.

Dmitry Mendeleyev

A chemist who classified all known chemical elements based on their atomic weights.

Michael Faraday

A scientist who created the first electric generator during the 19th-century wave of scientific discovery.

Secularization

Indifference towards religion that emerged alongside growing public faith in scientific progress during the Industrial era.

Charles Darwin

A scientist who theorized that each species evolved over time from simpler life forms through the mechanism of natural selection.

Natural Selection

The evolutionary theory popularized by Charles Darwin stating that individuals possessing traits and characteristics that make them more adaptable to their environments will survive, thrive, and pass those traits to the next generation.

Warbler Finch

A Galápagos finch species with a small, slender, and pointed beak optimized for probing foliage and snatching small insects and grubs.

Large Ground Finch

A Galápagos finch species with a heavy, stout, and deep beak adapted with strong jaw mechanics to crack hard seed shells and tough nuts found in arid environments.

Cactus Finch

A Galápagos finch species with a long, sharp, and curved beak adapted to reach deep into Opuntia cactus blossoms to feed on nectar, pollen, and seeds.

Herbert Spencer

A philosopher and sociologist who coined the phrase "Survival of the Fittest" in 1864 and applied biological evolution directly to human societies, economics, and politics.

Social Darwinism

The application of biological evolutionary principles and natural selection directly to human societies, sociology, and economics.

"Survival of the Fittest"

A phrase coined by Herbert Spencer in 1864 asserting that social and economic competition naturally elevates the most capable individuals, driving human progress.

Laissez-Faire Society (Spencer's View)

An economic and political stance opposing state intervention and welfare programs, asserting that unfettered market competition naturally drives social perfection.

Societal Evolution

Herbert Spencer's concept that human societies naturally evolve from simple, militant states to complex, industrial ones, with individual liberty serving as the ultimate end of evolution.