Bloodbank CH 1

What is the significance of attenuation?

Attenuation is the act of making pathogens LESS virulent through heat, aging, or chemical treatment.

USED IN VACCINATIONS

What is Innate (Natural) Immunity?

NONSPECIFIC immune responses with enzymes, natural phagocytosis

FAST, no memory needed to activate, nor does it create memories

What is Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity?

Memory is generated

SPECIFIC antibodies generated

How does memory work in adaptive immunity?

B-cells and T-cells, which were used to fight off previous infections, RETAIN THEIR FUNCTION

Upon next infection, the antigen triggers antibody release.

VACCINATION

What are the different routes of ADAPTIVE Immunity?

Natural and Artificial

What is Natural Adaptive Immunity?

Antibodies are formed/obtained from natural circumstances

INFECTION and Mother’s Milk

What is Artificial Immunity?

Antibodies made by human intervention

INJECTION, Bone marrow transplant, administration of antibodies

What are the 3 classifications of Adaptive Immunity?

Active, Passive, and Adoptive

What is Active Adaptive Immunity?

Your body has to ACTIVELY go through the process of making the antibodies

INJECTION

LONG TERM

What is Passive Adaptive Immunity?

Transfer of ANTIBODIES, your immune system DOES NOT HAVE TO WORK, IS PASSIVE

SHORT TERM

What is Adoptive Adaptive Immunity?

ADOPTING another immune system/IMMUNE CELLS

What are Leukocytes?

WHITE BLOOD CELLS

All of the innate and adaptive immunity cells

All WBC’s originate from which kind of cells?

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HTC)

• CLP

  • become lymphocytes

• CMP

  • become phagocytic WBCs

What are the main characteristics of Neutrophils?

• Phagocytic

• most prominent WBC in the blood (50-70%)

• Travel via CHEMOTAXINS

What are the main characteristics of Eosinophils?

• 1-4% of WBCs in blood

• NEUTRALIZE products of ALLERGIC REACTIONS

• Phagocytic ofc

What are the main characteristics of Basophils

• RELEASE HISTAMINE

• <1% of WBCs

What are the main characteristics of Monocytes and Macrophages?

• Macrophage = a monocyte that has migrated to the tissue

• PRESENT ANTIGENS and Phagocytosis

• Monocytes are 2-10% of WBCs

What are the main characteristics of Mast Cells?

• ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL

• Induce + maintain allergic rxn

What are the main characteristics of Dendritic Cells?

• MOST POTENT Phagocytic cell

• Most EFFECTIVE antigen-presenting

What are the primary lymphoid organs

• Bone Marrow

  • Where B cells mature

• Thymus

  • Where T cells mature

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

• Spleen

  • White Pulp = location of WBCs

  • Red Pulp = location of old RBCs

• Lymph Nodes

• MALT

• CALT

These are basically places where the mature lymphocytes travel to intercept pathogens

How do lymphocytes and foreign antigens enter the Lymph Nodes?

• AFFERENT lymphatic vessels

  • Remember that Afferent is entering and Efferent is leaving

Where are B cells located in the lymph nodes?

Follicles within CORTEX of a node

Where are T cells located in the lymph nodes?

T cells in the PARAcortex (near medulla)

What are some examples of Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)?

TONSILS and APPENDIX

Mucosal surfaces, LYMPHOCYTES present on these organs

What are some examples of Cutaneous-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

SKIN

T cells, monocytes, and macrophages, and dendritic cells ON SKIN