MODULE 1 (TESTS/RULES)

Marsh Test

Confirmatory test for arsenic; First test for arsenic

Gutzeit Test

Identification test for arsenic; Highly sensitive; More common now.

Bettendorf’s Test

Detects arsenic, but specifically used to detect arsenic impurities in bismuth or other heavy metals.

Fleitmann’s Test

Detects arsenic, but differentiates it from antimony.

Brown ring test

Detection of Nitrates (NO3-)

Vogel Test

Detects cobalt

Reinsch Test

Heavy Metals (Arsenic, Mercury, Antimony, Bismuth)

Amalgam Test

Mercury

Huckel’s Rule

A cyclic, planar, conjugated system is aromatic if π-electrons=4n+2.

Hund’s Rule

Electrons fill degenerate atomic orbitals singly before pairing up.

Markovnikov’s Rule

In electrophilic additions of H-X to asymmetric alkenes, H adds to the carbon with more hydrogens.

Zaitsevs Rule

Elimination reactions (E1/E2) preferentially yield the more highly substituted, stable alkene.