Major Muscle Groups

contract and relax: muscles only pull, never push

Describe muscle action

the muscle's proximal attachment

Define origin

the muscle's distal attachment

Define insertion

connective tissue that attaches the muscle to the bones

What is a tendon?

connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

What is a ligament?

a broad flat tendon

What is aponeurosis?

a median tendon

What is a raphe?

joints

What do muscles act on?

move the limb toward the body

Define flexion

move the limb straight out

Define extension

moves the limb in the direction of the median plane toward the inside

Define adduction

moves the limb away from the median plane toward the outside

Define abduction

inward rotation of the limb

Define pronation

outward rotation of the limb

Define supination

ability of a limb to draw a cone

Define circumduction

muscles confined to a structure

What are intrinsic muscles?

muscles that connect the structure to the body

What are extrinsic muscles?

Just deep to the skin

'Twitch' muscle

Minimal or no skeletal attachment

Describe cutaneous muscles

38 muscles of facial expression

Muscle of mastication

Intrinsic: function for complicated local movement of the tongue

Extrinsic: function for moving the tongue as a unit

Describe head muscles

Pharyngeal: act to dilate or constrict pharynx

Soft palate muscles: act to elevate, depress, or shorten the soft palate

Laryngeal muscles: act to open or close the laryngeal opening and to control the pitch of vocalization

Hyoid muscles: act to move the hyoid relative to the larynx

Describe the muscles of breathing and swallowing

epaxial and hypaxial

What are the types of muscles of the vertebral column

Layered muscles that not only contain and support the viscera within, but also help support the vertebral column and thus body as a whole

Muscles of respiration

Describe the muscles of the body wall

Expaxial: those muscles of the vertebral column dorsal to the transverse processes

Hypaxial: those muscles of the vertebral column ventral to the transverse processes

Differentiate between epaxial and hypaxial muscles

union between parts of the skeleton by muscles alone

Define syncarosis

fxtensor of the shoulder joint

stabilizers of the shoulder joint

INTRINSIC

Describe the action of the lateral and medial shoulder muscles

flexor of the shoulder joint

INTRINSIC

Describe the action of the caudal shoulder muscles

flexors of the elbow joint

INTRINSIC

Describe the action of the cranial arm muscles

extensor of the elbow joint

INTRINSIC

Describe the action of the caudal arm muscles

extensors of carpus and digits

INTRINSIC

Describe the action of the cranio-lateal forearm muscles

flexors of carpus and digits

INTRINSIC

Describe the action of the caudo-medial forearm muscles

flexors and extensor of the hip joint

Describe the action of the lateral pelvis muscles

rotator of the hip joint

Describe the action on the medial pelvis muscles

flexor of the hip

extensor of the stifle

Describe the action of the cranial thigh muscles

extensor of the hip

extensor and flexors of the stifle

Describe the action of the caudal thigh muscles

flexors of the hock

extensors of the digits

Describe the action of the cranio-lateral leg muscles

extensions of the hock

flexors of the digits

Describe the action of the caudal leg muscles