LITHOSPHERE LESSON ENVI SCI

1370 km

Thickness of inner core

Crystalline State

What is the state of the inner core?

Heat and High Pressure

What influences the crystalline of the inner core?

2000 km

The thickness of the outer core

Nickel and Iron

Heavy Metals found in the outer core?

2900 km

The thickness of the mantle layer

Rapidly flowing magma

Where does the mantle layer formed from?

6-35 km

Thickness of the Earth’s crust

Crust

the layer you live on and is the most widely studied and understood.

Mantle

This layer has much hotter, has the largest mass, and has several layers

1. uppermost/rigid mantle

2. asthenosphere

3. lower mantle

Layers of the Mantle

The core

It is even hotter, with pressures so great you would be squeezed into a ball smaller than a marble if you could go to the center of the Earth!

Lithosphere

What is crust + rigid uppermost mantle — broken into moving plates?

Astenosphere

Lithosphere floats on the soft?

Basalt

Type of rock in the oceanic crust

Granite

Type of rock in the continental crust

Thin and dense

Oceanic crust has what characteristics?

Thick and lighter

Continental crust has what type of characteristics?

Mineral

a naturally occurring solid with a fixed chemical formula and crystal structure

1. Quartz

2. Feldspar

3. Mica

4. Calcite

5. Olivine

Examples of minerals

Rock

a natural aggregate of one or more minerals

Oxygen and SIlicon

Silicate is a combination of what two elements?

Silicate

the building blocks of most rock.

Philippines

5th most mineralized country in the world

US$ 1 Trillion

MGB estimates the country holds roughly ______ untapped copper, gold, nickel, zinc and silver reserves— yet only about 5% has been explored and just 3% is under contract

1. Basalt

2. Granite

3. Diorite

Example of igneous rocks

1. Limestone

2. Shale

3. Sandstone

Example of Sedimentary rocks

1. Marble

2. Slate

3. Gneiss

Example of Metamorphic Rocks

Temporary

Key Idea: Every rock is? — given enough time, any rock can become any other type

1. Magma/melting

2. Igneous

3. Sedimentary

4. Metamorphic

Step by step of rock cycle

Physical Weathering (Mechanical Weathering)

Rock is broken into smaller pieces with no change in composition — frost/thermal cracking, root wedging, abrasion by wind, water or ice.

Chemical Weathering

Minerals react and change composition — oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation.

Oxidation

Process of rusting of iron minerals

Carbonation

Process of rainwater + CO2 dissolving limestone

Biological Weathering

Living organisms accelerate breakdown — root growth wedges rock apart; lichens and microbes secrete weathering acids.

Laterite

Deep tropical weathering of iron- and nickel-bearing volcanic rock produces

Laterite

the very ore that the Philippine nickel mining industry extracts.

Laterite

n the Philippines: deeply weathered, ironrich volcanic soils are called

1. Foundation for agriculture

2. Storehouse of resources

3. Platform for settlement

4. Habitat and biodiversity

Why the lithosphere matters?

Aquifers

It is called a ground water bearing rock

Lithospheric/crustal plates

The crust of the Earth is broken into many pieces called

Asthenosphere

The plates "float" on the soft, semi-rigid or plastic

Divergent

Divergent Boundary

Plates move apart; magma rises to form new crust

1. Mid-Atlantic Ridge

2. East African Rift

Example of Divergent Boundaries

Convergent Boundaries

Plates collide; denser plate subducts, forming trenches and volcanoes

1. Philippine Trench

2. Andes

Examples of Convergent Boundaries

Transform Boundaries

Plates slide past each other; stress builds and releases as earthquakes

1. Divergent

2. Convergent

3. Transform

Three types of plate tectonic boundaries

300 volcanos

Approximately Philippines has total of number of volcanos

24 active volcanos

How many are active volcanos in the philippines?

1. Mayon

2. Taal

3. Pinatubo

4. Kanlaon

Examples of active volcanos

Manila Trench and Philippine Trench

Two marked as active subduction zones?

Philippine Sea plate and Eurasian Plate

Philippines sits on two plates which are?

West Valley Fault

Major transform fault crossing metro manila?

Philippine Fault Zone and West Valley fault

Are major transform faults that is source of the anticipated “Big One'“

1. Volcanic Eruption

2. Earthquake

3. Landslide

4. Land Subsidence

Lithosphere-related hazards in the Philippines

ashfall, lahar, pyroclastic flows (Mayon, Taal, Pinatubo)

Result of Volcanic Eruption

ground shaking, liquefaction, tsunami

Result of Earthquake

slope failure, often after heavy rain

Cause of Landslide

Ground sinking from groundwater extraction

Cause of land subsidence

1987 Constitution, Article XII, Section 2

All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy, fisheries, forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural resources are owned by the State.

The State owns all minerals

Meaning of 1987 Constitution, Article XII, Section 2

Filipino Citizen or corporations at least 60% Filipino-owned

Who can hold rights 1987 Constitution, Article XII, Section 2

Regalian Doctrine

Every mining, quarrying or land-use debate in the news traces back to this one constitutional principle

Forest Land

53% of PH land area (classified, not necessarily forested); includes timberland, mineral lands, national parks — cannot be privately titled

Alienable & disposable (A&D)

47%; the only land that may be privately owned/titled — agricultural, residential, commercial

Foreshore & bodies of water

Public domain; subject to separate laws

1. Forest Land

2. Alienable & Disposable

3. Foreshore & Bodies of Water

Three types of Philippine land classification

Exploration Permit (EP)

2-year (renewable) permit to explore an area before committing to development

Mineral Production Sharing Agreement (MPSA)

Contractor at least 60% Filipino-owned; government receives a share (royalty) of production

Financial or Technical Assistance Agreement (FTAA)

Large-scale operations; may include up to 100% foreign financing for specific minerals (gold, copper, nickel, chromite, lead, zinc)

Philippine Mining Act of 1995

Republic Act 7942

Presidential Decree 1586

Environmental Compliance Certificate before any operation begins

Mine Rehabilitation Fund

Trust fund to restore mined-out areas after closure

4% Excise Tax

How much excise tax on minerals does LGU share in Local Government Code

Free, Prior and Informed Consent

required in ancestral domains (IPRA Law)

RA 7076

People's Small-Scale Mining Act (1991)

RA 7076

Legalizes and regulates small-scale mining in designated Minahang Bayan (people's mining) areas

PD 1586

Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System (1978)

PD 1586

Requires an ECC for environmentally critical projects, including mining

RA 8371

Recognizes ancestral domains; requires Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) for activities within them

RA 8371

Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act – IPRA (1997)

RA 7160

Local Government Code (1991)

RA 7076

Gives LGUs a 40% share of national wealth from resources extracted in their territory; regulates local quarrying permits

RA 9003

Bans open dumpsites; mandates sanitary landfills and waste segregation — where waste meets the land

RA 9003

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (2000)

RA 10121

Creates the NDRRMC framework for disaster prevention, mitigation and response (earthquakes, landslides)

RA 10121

Philippine DRRM Act (2010)

EO 79 series 2012

Institutionalizing and Implementing Reforms in the Mining Sector

EO 79 series 2012

Suspended new mining agreements in certain areas pending legislation; reinforced no-go zones (protected areas, ancestral domains without FPIC)

RA 11038

Strengthens protection of national parks and critical habitats — areas generally off-limits to mining

RA 11038

Expanded NIPAS Act (2018)

Operates within a DENR-declared Minahang Bayan area under RA 7076;

Legal small-scale mining means

Operates outside any declared area or without permits

lllegal / informal small-scale mining

Mercury or cyanide

Illegal small-scale mining uses what chemicals without safeguards

Benguet and Davao De Oro

small-scale mining tunnel collapses in?

1. 1987 Constitution (Regalian Doctrine)

2. RA 7942 Mining Act

3. PD 1586 ECC required

4. RA 8371 FPIC (if IP land)

5. RA 7160 LGU share (40%)

6. RA 10121 Disaster risk framework

The legal chain, start to finish of Mining

Philippines

world's 2nd-largest nickel producer

Nickel

is essential for EV batteries and wind turbines