Organic Chemistry. pt. 2

PAPS and SAM

co-substrate in sulfation and methylation

RCHO

formula for aldehydes

RCOOR

formula for esters

ROH

functional group present in pyridoxine

phenylmethanol

synonym of benzyl alcohol

• metabolism: liver

• absorption: small intestines

• excretion: kidney

major organ for drug:

• metabolism:

• absorption:

• excretion:

oxalic acid

ethanedoic acid is called as

alkyne: acetylene

simplest of the ff HC:

• alkyne:

alkane

primary alcohol is reduced to

hydrogenation reaction

from alkene reaction to alkane

enamine

imine

aldehyde and ketones react with secondary amine

aldehyde and ketones react with primary amine

secondary > tertiary> primary > aromactic

amine trend basicity

chain isomer

4-butane and isobutane are classified as

salicylic acid and acetic acid

hydrolytic product of aspirin

catenation

refers to the ability of carbon to bond with another

carbonyl group

functional group of ketones

ketone, aldehyde, amide

carbonyl are present in the ff:

aldehyde

oxidized primary alcohol

• single bond: sp3

• double bond: sp2

• triple bond: sp

hybridization of:

• single bond:

• double bond:

• triple bond:

alkene

dehydration of alcohol results to:

ester hydrolysis

metabolic pathway of procaine

• enantiomer - mirror, non superimposable

• diastereomer - non mirror, non superimposable

• meso compounds - mirror, superimposable

differentiate:

• enantiomer

• diastereomer

• meso compounds

ester

(-oate) is classified as

carboxylic acid

(-oic) is classified as

alkane

only saturated hydrocarbon

• paraffins: CnH2n+2

• olefins: CnH2n

• acetylene: CnH2n-2

formula of the ff:

• paraffins

• olefins

• acetylene

• 1,2-dihydroxybenzene: catechol

• 1,3-dihydroxybenzene: resorcinol

• 1,4-dihydroxybenzene: hydroquinine

name the ff:

• 1,2-dihydroxybenzene:

• 1,3-dihydroxybenzene:

• 1,4-dihydroxybenzene:

imidazoline

imidazole is reduced to

• tetrahedral: methane

• trigonal planar: formaldehyde

• linear: HCN

examples of

• tetrahedral:

• trigonal planar:

• linear:

diastereomers

d-mannose and d-galactose are classified as

• alkanes: free redical substitution

• alkenes, alkynes: e- addition

• aromatics: e- substitution

• aldehydes, ketones: nucleophilic addition

organic reactions of the ff:

• alkanes

• alkenes, alkynes

• aromatics

• aldehydes, ketones

initiation: radicals are on the product side

propagation: radicals are on the product and reactant side

termination: radicals are on the reactant side

hemolytic cleavage of alkanes

alcohol

alkene + H2O

secondary: ketone

tertiary: carboxylic acid

oxidized alkene

alkene

reduced alkyne

RMgX + primary OH: formaldehyde

RMgX + secondary OH: acetaldehyde

RMgX + tertiary OH: ketone

RMgX + primary OH:

RMgX + primary OH:

RMgX + primary OH:

acid anhydride

hydrolized RCOOH + RCOOH

• ketone: acetone

• cyclic ketone: cyclopropranone

• aldehyde: formaldehyde

• aromatic aldehyde: benzaldehyde

• carboxylic acid: formic acid

simplest:

• ketone

• cyclic ketone

• aldehyde

• aromatic aldehyde

• carboxylic acid

elements: carbon

metals: gold

king of all elements and metals

• ethylene: fruit ripening

• ethylene oxide: gas sterilant

• ethylene glycol: anti freeze

uses of the ff:

• ethylene

• ethylene oxide

• ethylene glycol

• hydroxybenzene: phenol

• methylbenzene: toluene

• aminobenzene: aniline

common name the ff:

• hydroxybenzene

• methylbenzene

• aminobenzene

sulfide to sulfoxide to sulfone

oxidized thiols

• alcohol: menthol

• phenol: thymol

• ketone: camphor

• oxide: eucalyptol

volatile oils of the ff:

• alcohol:

• phenol:

• ketone:

• oxide:

• mannitol: d-mannose

• sorbitol: d-glucose

reduction of:

• mannitol:

• sorbitol:

• refractometer: refractive index

• polarimeter: optical activity

• potentiometer: pH

• pycnometer: specific gravity

use of the ff:

• refractometer:

• polarimeter:

• potentiometer:

• pycnometer:

capric

lauric

myristic

palmitic

stearic

arachidic

Fatty Acids 10-20

amide

acid

alcohol

ketone

aldehyde

amine

ester

ether

alkane

rank the ff highest boiling point to lowest:

acid

ether

aldehyde

amide

3 > 2 > 1

in gas phase, the order of amine basicity is:

aldehyde

reduced primary carboxylic acid

increasing carbon and OH

alcohol property: increases polarity

3 > 2 > 1 > Ch3OH

increasing in lucas test in alcohol

formic acid

blindness occurs in methanol due to

acetalaldehyde

causes hangover in ethanol

oxalate

ethylene oxide oxidizes produces a:

tollen’s test

test that gives (+) in aldehyde produces a silver mirror

aliphatic aldehyde and ketone

(+) brick red

benedict’s test used to identify:

fomepizole

inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase to treat toxic alcohol poisonings.

disulfiram

inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase to deter drinking by causing acetaldehyde buildup

methanal: formaldehyde

ethanal: acetaldehyde

common name of the ff:

methanal:

ethanal:

quarternary amines

Acidic Amines:

Tranylcypromine

monoamine oxidase inhibitor used as an anti-depressant drug

NAPQI

toxicity of n-acetyl-para-aminophenol

fomepizole and ethanol

antidote for methanol toxicity

decreases

in alkanes, branching ___ boiling and melting point

functional isomer

Fructose and Glucose are what type of isomers?

constitutional isomers

known as “Structural Isomers”.

principal

sublevel that it can accomodate 6 electrons

• s: sphere

• p: dumbell

• d: four leaf clover

• f: complex

shapes of the ff sublevels:

• s

• p

• d

• f

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

states that the exact position and momentum of an electron cannot be simultaneously determined.