Global Environmental History Midterm 2

The Hundred Years War begins when French king Philip IV confiscates English landholdings in France

1337

The plague arrives in Europe, 40-60% of the population of Europe, Asia, and Africa dies

1348

Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Empire, increasing the difficulty of Europeans dominating the overland trade routes through the Middle East

1453

The French defeat the English, marking the beginning of more centralized European nation-states

1453

Columbus travels to the Americas, bringing plants and livestock, his second attempt to settle in 1493 is more successful

1492

The Protestant Reformation launches a series of European wars and competition between expanding empires

1517

Hernan Cortes and the Spanish conquest of Tenochtitlan in Mesoamerica

1521

Mughal Empire is founded in India by Babur, will reach greatest terriortial extent by 1720

1526

A delegation of Mayan nobles brought to Spain introduces chocolate

1544

Andres de Urdaneta’s crew successfully completes the return trip between the Philippines and Mexico, the Spanish establish the colony of Manilla in 1571

1565

Portuguese Jesuits arrive at the Mughal court and write about the empire’s successful military campaigns, the Mughals allows European merchants to trade in Indian ports

1580s

The British occupy Jamestown, Virginia

1607

The Dutch VOC builds Fort Nassau on Banda Neira island in southeast Asia

1608

The first Africans arrive in North America with British planters

1619

The first pilgrims arrive at Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts

1620

The Dutch hire Japanese soldiers to massacre the Bandanese and take over nutmeg production on the islands

1621

The first Africans are brought to the British colony of South Carolina from the Caribbean islands

1670

King Philip’s War breaks out between indigenous New Englanders and English settlers

1675-1678

European wars spill over into the Americas

1697