Biology Chapter 12: Cellular Division, Reproduction, and Plant Anatomy Study Guide

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering virus cycles, flowering plant reproductive anatomy, genetics, cell division (mitosis and meiosis), and modes of asexual and sexual reproduction.

Lytic cycle

A viral replication cycle in which a virus copies itself and bursts the host cell.

Lysogenic cycle

A viral replication cycle in which a virus copies its DNA without killing the host cell.

Stamen

The male reproductive organ in flowering plants.

Pistil

The female reproductive organ in flowering plants that produces seeds.

Anther

The part of the stamen that produces pollen.

Pollen

Tiny grains that contain the male reproductive cells of a plant.

Filament (stalk)

The stalk that supports the anther in a flower.

Sepals

Leaf-like parts that protect flower buds.

Petals

Parts of a flower that attract pollinators.

Ovules

The flower part that develops into seeds.

Ovary

The part of a flower that contains ovules.

Style

The stalk that connects the stigma to the ovary.

Stigma

The sticky pollen catchers on a flower.

DNA

Genetic material that contains the instructions on how the cell will function.

Homologous chromosomes

Similar chromosomes that are not identical; they contain different alleles but share the same length and banding patterns.

Genes

The basic unit of heredity that governs the expression of a trait.

Cell replication

The process of duplicating a chromosome that occurs prior to cell division.

Sister chromatids

One of two chromosomes that are genetically identical and held together at the centromere.

Somatic cell

Any cell in the body other than reproductive cells.

Germ cells

Male (sperm) or female (egg) reproductive cells.

Parent cell

The original cell that divides to create two new cells.

Daughter cell

The two new cells produced during mitosis and cytokinesis of a parent cell.

Nuclear membrane

The outer membrane of the nucleus that keeps it separated.

Cytoplasm

A cell's contents including cytosol and cellular organelles.

Nucleolus

The center of the nucleus.

Centrioles

A pair of cylindrical structures found in animal eukaryotic cells.

Spindle apparatus

A network of spindle fibers made up of protein tubes called microtubules.

Mitosis

The division of genetic material and the cell nucleus.

Cleavage

The process of cell division without growth.

Cell plate

A structure across a dividing plant cell that signals the location of new plasma membranes and cell walls.

Mutation

A permanent change to a cell's DNA.

Cancer

A disease where abnormal cells grow and divide out of control.

Oncogenes

Mutated genes that cause cells to grow and divide out of control.

Meiosis

A special type of cell division that creates egg and sperm (gametes).

Crossing over

The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids.

Independent assortment

A genetic rule stating that different genes separate independently.

Spermatogenesis

The process of male gamete production.

Oogenesis

The process of female gamete production.

Asexual reproduction

Reproduction that involves only one parent.

Sexual reproduction

Reproduction involving the fertilization of gametes.

Pathways of human life cycle

The biological stages of development that a human progresses through.

Binary fission

An asexual form of reproduction in prokaryotes that produces two identical cells.

Budding

A form of reproduction where a new organism develops from an outgrowth of the parent.

Vegetative reproduction

The growth of a new plant from a modified stem.

Fragmentation

A form of reproduction where a new organism forms from part of the parent.

Parthenogenesis

The development of an adult organism from an unfertilized egg.

Spores production

The production of a cell able to produce a new organism.