Bio Exam #2 - CH 8 - 11

Metabolism entails three things

synthesis of macromolecules

breakdown of macromolecules

control of enzyme activity

Anabolism is

The building up of macromolecules

Example of anabolism

Dehydration synthesis

What type of reaction is anabolism

Endergonic

What happens to energy in a endergonic reaction

It’s consumed or absorbed, storing energy

Formula for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Catabolism is the what of macromolecules

Breakdown

Example of catabolism

digestion as is cell respiration

What type of reactions is catabolism

Exergonic reaction, energy is released

Respiration formula

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 686 kcal/mol

Kinetic energy is energy of

Motion

Potential energy is energy that

Matter possesses bc of location/structure

Second law of thermodynamics

every energy transformation is accompanied by a loss of usable energy often as heat

What is the primary energy coupler between exergonic and endergonic reactions

ATP

How does ATP drive endergonic reactions

Phosphorylation (transferring a phosphate)

How can the bonds between the phosphate groups of ATPs tail be broken

Hydrolysis

All chemical reactions must overcome

A energy barrier

The energy needed to start any chemical reaction is called the

energy of activation (EA)

a catalyst changes the ____ without ____

rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

an enzyme is a _____ protein

catalytic

enzymes increase the _____ by lowering ______

rate of chemical reactions by lowering the energy of activation

Hydrolysis of ________ by the enzyme _________ is an example of an _________

sucrose, sucrase, enzyme catalyzed reaction

The _________ is the region on the enzyme where the ________ binds

Active site, substrate

Induced fit hypothesis is that:

the binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme's active site

Increase in the amount of _________ increases the amount of product formed (speed of the reaction) until the __________

Substrate, saturation point

Too much of heat may disrupt the weak bonds to change the _________ of proteins defined as: ________

Tertiary structure, denaturation

Many enzymes require nonprotein helpers, _________, for catalytic activity

Cofactors

inorganic cofactors include

Zinc, iron, copper

___________ are organic cofactors (nonprotein helpers) and include _________

Coenzymes, vitamins

In _______________, the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway and shuts down the pathway

Feedback inhibition

Cellular respiration, uses ______ as a reactant to complete the breakdown of a variety of organic molecules(food).

Oxygen

In cellular respiration, __________ is degraded to _________ and _______

glucose, carbon dioxide, water

Fermentation, leads to the partial degradation of ______ in the absence of _______.

Sugars, oxygen

Most of the processes in cellular respiration occur in _________

Mitochondria

Cellular respiration formula

Glucose + 6 oxygen → 6 carbon dioxide + 6 water + energy

We harvest energy from fuels by

large molecules being digested into smaller ones -by breaking bonds & moving electrons from one molecule to another

energy stored in a bond, is released as _____ or harvested to make _____

Heat, ATP

electrons (cannot/can) move alone in cells

Cannot

electrons move as part of an ______ (move ____ = move electrons)

H atom, H

Redox reactions are when ________ and ______ are coupled to make ______

Oxidation and reduction, ATP

food you eat contains molecules that can donate ______

Electrons

when glucose loses electrons that is _______

Oxidation

when glucose loses electrons during oxidation, the electrons are transferred to molecules like _____, forming ______

NAD+ and NADH

in redox reactions, food has been _____ to carbon dioxide

Oxidized

in redox reactions, the molecule that is oxidized ______(gains/loses) electrons

loses

Glycolysis occurs in the

Cytoplasm

During glycolysis, glucose (6-carbon sugar) is split into ______

two 3-carbon sugars ((2pyruvate(3C))

No ____ is produced during glycolysis

CO2

substrate level phosphorylation is when ____, called that because _____

ATP is produced in the cytosol, the phosphate being given to ADP is from a separate molecule

what is the order of respiration steps

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, chemiosmosis

In the Krebs cycle, ____ is broken down and _____ to ______

C-Skeleton, oxidized to CO2

The Krebs cycle can not occur in the absence of _____

CO2

In the Krebs cycle the notable reactants and products are:

2 acetyl CoA (2c), 6 NADH & 2FADH

In the Krebs cycle, ATP is generated by ____

Substrate level phosphorylation

Carbon dioxide is released in which stage of cellular respiration?

oxidation of pyruvate, and the Krebs cycle

krebs cycle makes ________ like ___ that go to the _________

electron carriers, NADH & FADH2, electron transport chain

The inner mitochondrial membrane couples ________ to _______

Electron transport to ATP synthesis

The vast majority of the ATP comes from the energy in the electrons carried by _____ and ______

NADH, FADH2

Thousands of copies of the electron transport chain are found in the extensive surface of the _______, the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

Cristae

The role of oxygen is to _______ and ______, forming _______ at the end of the _________

Accept electrons and hydrogen, water, electron transport chain