B7. Cognitive Theories with Psychoanalytic

Introjection

Defense mechanism in which a person directs all their feelings for the loved one toward themselves

Introjected Loss

Actual death of a person

Attributional Style

Ways in which people explain the cause of events within their lives

Internal vs. External

Is the cause due to something about me (internal) or something outside of me (external)?

Stable vs. Unstable

Is the cause permanent (stable) or temporary (unstable)?

Global vs. Specific

Does the cause affect all areas of my life (global) or just this specific situation (specific)?

Cognitive Theory of Depression

Theory that states that depression is primarily caused and maintained by maladaptive or irrational ways of thinking\

Negative view of the self, Negative view of the world/experiences, & Negative view of the future

Beck's Cognitive Triad

Negative Schema

An enduring negative cognitive system about some aspects of life

Self-Blame Schema

Schema where a person feels personally responsible for every bad happening

False Consensus Effect/Bias

People tend to overestimate the extent to which their opinions, beliefs, preferences, values, and habits are typical of others

Dichotomous Thinking

Cognitive distortion that involves viewing situations in extreme terms, with no middle ground “If I'm not perfect, I'm a total failure”

Overgeneralization

Cognitive distortion that involves drawing a sweeping conclusion based on a single negative event “I failed this one test, so I'm going to fail all my exams and never succeed in life”

Selective Abstraction

Cognitive distortion in which a person receives many compliments but dwells on one minor criticism

Arbitrary Inference

Cognitive distortion in which an individual concludes without sufficient or relevant evidence

Magnification (Catastrophizing) and Minimization

Cognitive distortion that involves exaggerating the importance of negative events while downplaying positive ones “This minor setback is a disaster!”

Emotional Reasoning

Cognitive distortion where you believe that what you feel must be true “I feel like a failure, therefore I am a failure”

Labeling/Mislabeling

Cognitive distortion that involves attaching a global, negative label to oneself or others based on a single event or behavior “I made a mistake, so I'm a complete idiot”

Personalization

Cognitive distortion that involves taking disproportionate blame for negative events, even when there are other contributing factors “It's my fault that the party wasn't fun”

“Should” Statements

Cognitive distortion that involves holding rigid rules about how oneself and others “should” or “must” behave, leading to guilt, anger, or frustration when these rules are violated “I should always be happy and productive”