Module 2 Theory

Homeostasis

State of equilibrium maintained in the body to support and sustain life

Anatomical Terminology

Terms used to describe the human body (location, position, direction)

Anatomy

Ana/tome - apart/to cut

Cell

Basic building block of human body

Four Types of Tissue

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Tissue

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specialized function

Where does epithelial tissue form?

Forms on the outer surfaces of the body, lining body cavities and tubes leading to the outside of the body

Functions of Epithelial Tissue (6)

Protection, Sensation, Secretion, Absorption, Excretion, and Diffusion

Epithelial Tissue - Protection; Specific Function and Example

Forms a physical barrier over underlying tissue, ex. skin

Epithelial Tissue - Sensation; Specific Function and Example

Interprets sensory stimuli; ex. 5-Senses

Epithelial Tissue - Secretion; Specific Function and Example

Secrete fluids from glands; ex. hormones

Epithelial Tissue - Absorption; Specific Function and Example

Absorb nutrients; ex. small intestine

Epithelial Tissue - Excretion; Specific Function and Example

Remove waste; ex. kidney

Epithelial Tissue - Diffusion; Specific Function and Example

Diffusion of gas, liquids, and nutrients; ex. capillaries and lungs

Connective Tissue; Function and Connections

Supports organs and muscle sheaths; connects muscles to bones and bones to joints

Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

Skeletal Muscle Function

Voluntarily controlled for movement and posture

Smooth Muscle; Function, Location, and Example

Involuntarily controlled and found in organs; ex. stomach

Cardiac Muscle Function and Location

Involuntarily controlled and found in heart

Autonomic Nervous System Controls

Smooth and Cardiac Muscle

Nervous Tissue

A group of nerve cells that work together to coordinate and control bodily functions through electric communication

Nerve Cells

Excitable cells that can conduct electricity

Organs

Body structures that perform specific purposes

Systems

Groups of different organs that work together to perform a specific function

Organizational Levels

Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems, Organisms

Integumentary System - Primary Functions and Features

Encloses internal body structures, helps regulate temperature, and site of many sensory receptors

Skeletal System - Primary Functions

Supports movement and shapes the body; provides protection and stores minerals

Muscular System - Primary Functions

Enables movement; maintains posture and body temperature

Nervous System - Primary Functions

Detects and processes sensory information; activates bodily responses by transmitting impulses in response to stimuli

Endocrine System - Primary Functions

Regulates bodily processes by producing hormones and chemical messengers

Cardiovascular System - Primary Functions

Deliver O2, nutrients, and hormones to tissues and remove CO2 and waste

Blood and Lymphatic System - Primary Functions

Defend against pathogens with immune response using chemical substances and cells; transport proteins, fluids, O2, and CO2

Respiratory System - Primary Functions

Delivers O2 to blood and tissue cells and removes CO2

Digestive System - Primary Functions

Digest and absorb nutrients from food, eliminate waste

Urinary System - Primary Functions

Controls electrolyte, water, and PH balance in the body by producing, transporting, and eliminating urine

Reproductive System - Primary Functions

Sexual characteristics and survival of human race

Body Cavities

Hollow spaces containing organs and enclosed with membranes

Posterior Cavities

Cranial and Spinal Cavity

Anterior Cavities

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Cavity

Cranial Cavity; Contents and Protection

Contains the brain, protected by meninges and the skull

Spinal Cavity; Contents and Protection

Contains spinal cord, protected by meninges and cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae

Thoracic Cavity; Contents, Protection, Separation

Contains THETAL - trachea, heart, esophagus, thymus gland, aorta, and lungs; protected by ribs; separated from abdominopelvic cavity by diaphragm

Thoracic Cavity Divisions

Mediastinum and Pleural Cavities

Mediastinum Cavity; Contents, Location

Contains THETA - trachea, heart, esophagus, thymus gland, and aorta; Central region of thoracic cavity

Pleural Cavities; Contents, Protection, and Location

Contains a lung; protected by pleura membrane; located lateral to the mediastinum cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity Divisions

Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities

Abdominal Cavity; Direction and Contents

Superior; Contains SLuG SPaSm Li - stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

Pelvic Cavity; Direction and Contents

Inferior; Contains U3BR Li - Ureters, urethra, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and the last section of the large intestine

Male Reproductive Organs

Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral gland, and vas deferens

Female Reproductive Organs

Vagina, uterus, ovaries, and Fallopian tubes

Anatomical Abdominal Cavity Divisions

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac

Clinical Abdominal Cavity Divisions

Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

Right Upper Quadrant Contents

Lost Kings Play Golf - Liver, Kidney, Pancreas, Gallbladder (and small and large intestine)

Left Upper Quadrant Contents

Some Super Pretty Losers Adore Kittens - Stomach, Spleen, Pancreas, Liver, Adrenal gland, Kidney (and small/large intestine)

Right Lower Quadrant Contents

For All Of Us - Fallopian tube, Appendix, Ovary, Ureter (and small/large intestine)

Left Lower Quadrant Contents

Oh U2 - Ovary, Ureter, Uterine tube (and small/large intestine)

Prone Position

Horizontal, face down, back superior

Supine Position

Horizontal, face up, back inferior

Lithotomy Position

Supine, buttocks at the end of the examination table, hips and knees flexed and feet supported by stirrups

Fowler Position

Semi-recumbent position; supine, head elevated 45 degrees