2nd Term Comprehensive Reviewer

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering key definitions, theorems, scientific principles, logic gates, and geometric formulas from the 2nd Term Reviewer.

Trapezoid

A quadrilateral with four sides and four angles featuring one pair of parallel sides (bases) and one pair of non-parallel sides (legs), where consecutive angles along the same leg are supplementary.

Isosceles Trapezoid

A specific trapezoid in which the non-parallel legs are congruent, both angles on each base are congruent, opposite angles are supplementary, and the diagonals are congruent.

Kite

A quadrilateral characterized by having two pairs of consecutive congruent sides while its opposite sides are not congruent.

Conjecture

A statement formulated from observations or patterns that has not yet been proven and may be either true or false.

Postulate

A fundamental statement or assertion accepted as true without proof.

Theorem

A mathematical statement established and accepted as true through logical evidence, deductive reasoning, and formal proof.

CPCTC

An acronym representing 'Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent,' used in geometric proofs after establishing triangle congruence.

Hypotenuse-Leg (HL) Theorem

A right triangle congruence theorem stating that if the hypotenuse and one leg of a right triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and one leg of another right triangle, the triangles are congruent.

Parabola

A U-shaped or inverted U-shaped plane curve representing the graph of a quadratic function, characterized by a single vertex that functions as a maximum or minimum point.

Price Stabilization Graph

An economic supply and demand graph displaying government price controls, where a price floor is set legally above the market equilibrium ($P^*$) and a price ceiling is set legally below it.

Price Ceiling

A legal maximum price policy or suggested retail price established by the government to keep basic necessities affordable.

Price Floor

A legal minimum price set by the government that is positioned higher than the market equilibrium price to serve as price support.

Gross National Income (GNI)

The aggregate market value of all final products and services generated by a nation's citizens regardless of location, calculated using the formula $GNI = GDP + NFIFA$.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total market value of all finished goods and services produced within the geographic borders of a country over a specific time period.

Principle of Superposition

A stratigraphy principle stating that in undeformed sedimentary rock layers, the oldest rock layer lies at the bottom and younger layers lie successively higher.

Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships

A geological principle dictating that any geologic feature, fault, or igneous intrusion that cuts across another rock layer must be younger than the rock layer it intersects.

Unconformity

A structural gap or surface of erosion in rock strata caused by disturbances, categorized into disconformities (parallel layers), angular unconformities (tilted older layers), and nonconformities (sedimentary rock over crystalline rock).

Half-life

The period of time required for one-half of the unstable atoms of a radioactive parent isotope to decay into stable daughter isotopes.

Geological Time Scale (GTS)

A system used by geologists and paleontologists to organize Earth's $4.6\text{-billion-year}$ chronology into hierarchical divisions: eons, eras, periods, and epochs.

Lithosphere

The rigid, brittle outermost mechanical layer of the Earth consisting of the crust combined with the uppermost mantle, broken into tectonic plates.

Asthenosphere

The semi-fluid, ductile layer situated in the middle mantle beneath the lithosphere that flows slowly like hot asphalt, enabling tectonic plates to float and drift.

Mohorovičić Discontinuity (Moho)

The compositional boundary zone that separates Earth's solid crust from the denser, hotter mantle directly beneath it.

Gutenberg Discontinuity

The core-mantle boundary located between the solid lower mantle and the molten liquid iron-nickel outer core where seismic S-waves cannot pass.

Lehmann Discontinuity

The transition boundary positioned between the molten liquid outer core and the highly compressed solid metallic inner core.

Primary Wave (P-wave)

The fastest arriving seismic body wave, which compresses and expands material parallel to its travel path and travels through solids, liquids, and gases.

Secondary Wave (S-wave)

A transverse seismic body wave that shears rock perpendicular to the direction of propagation and travels strictly through solid materials.

AND Gate

A digital logic gate executing logical multiplication ($Y = A \cdot B$) that outputs a logical $1$ exclusively when all of its inputs are set to $1$.

OR Gate

A digital logic gate executing logical addition ($Y = A + B$) that outputs a logical $1$ whenever any of its inputs are set to $1$.

NOT Gate (Inverter)

A single-input logic gate performing logical complementation ($Y = \bar{A}$) that reverses the logic state, outputting $1$ when input is $0$ and vice versa.

NAND Gate

An inverted AND gate ($Y = \overline{A \cdot B}$) producing a FALSE ($0$) output only when all inputs are TRUE ($1$), and a TRUE ($1$) output otherwise.

NOR Gate

An inverted OR gate ($Y = \overline{A + B}$) producing a FALSE ($0$) output whenever any input is TRUE ($1$), and a TRUE ($1$) output only when all inputs are $0$.

Combinational Circuit

A circuit composed strictly of logic gates where the current output depends solely upon the instantaneous values of the inputs without internal memory.

Sequential Circuit

A digital logic circuit whose present output depends on both current input signals and stored previous states, utilizing feedback and storage elements.

Logos

An Aristotelian mode of persuasion appealing to intellect, reason, and logic through empirical facts, statistics, informed opinions, and rigorous evidence.

Ethos

An Aristotelian mode of persuasion appealing to character, credibility, and authority via personal anecdotes, professional credentials, and expert testimonials.

Pathos

An Aristotelian mode of persuasion appealing to an audience's emotions, values, and psychological states using evocative language, inclusive pronouns, and imagery.

IMRaD

A globally standardized organizational structure for empirical scientific papers consisting of Introduction, Methodology, Results, and Discussion.

Dadaism

An anti-traditional, avant-garde artistic and literary movement originating in Zurich, Switzerland (1916–mid 1920s) that rejected logic and conventional aesthetic standards through chance assemblage and readymades.

Coterminal Angles

Angles drawn in standard position on a coordinate plane that share the identical initial side and terminal side, differing by integer multiples of $360^\circ$.

Reference Angle

The positive acute angle measuring between $0^\circ$ and $90^\circ$ formed strictly between the terminal side of an angle and the horizontal x-axis.

Radian

A standard unit of angular measurement defined as the measure of a central angle that intercepts an arc on a circle equal in length to its radius.

30°-60°-90° Triangle Ratio

A special right triangle whose side lengths opposite the $30^\circ$, $60^\circ$, and $90^\circ$ angles are in the proportional ratio of $a : a\sqrt{3} : 2a$.

45°-45°-90° Triangle Ratio

An isosceles right triangle whose side lengths opposite the two $45^\circ$ angles and the $90^\circ$ hypotenuse are in the proportional ratio of $x : x : x\sqrt{2}$.

Unit Circle

A circle with a radius of exactly $1$ unit centered at the origin $(0, 0)$ on a Cartesian coordinate plane, utilized to define circular trigonometric functions.