APSC 1454 Exam 2: Small Ruminants, Horses, Swine, Poultry, Companion Animals, and Reproduction

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering small ruminants, equine tack and anatomy, swine, poultry, companion animals, and mammalian reproduction for APSC 1454 Exam 2.

Lamb

A young sheep that is less than one year of age.

Kid

A young goat that is less than one year of age.

Doeling

A young female goat under one year of age that has not yet kidded.

Buckling

A young, sexually intact male goat under one year of age.

Wether

A castrated male sheep or goat.

Mutton

Meat derived from a mature sheep that is older than one year of age.

Chevon

Meat derived from a mature goat.

Prolific

Having high reproductive output by consistently producing multiple offspring or large litters.

Mohair

The fleece or fiber produced specifically by the Angora goat.

Seasonal breeder

An animal that restricts its reproductive cycling to specific seasons of the year based on changes in day length.

Teaser ram

A vasectomized or altered male sheep used to detect estrus in ewes without fertilizing them.

Marking harness

A harness holding a crayon worn on the chest of a ram or buck to mark mounted females during breeding.

Crutching

The practice of shearing wool from around the vulva, dock, and udder of a ewe prior to lambing for hygiene.

Docking

The surgical removal or shortening of a lamb's tail to promote cleanliness and reduce flystrike risk.

Enterotoxemia

A deadly disease (commonly termed overeating disease or pulpy kidney) caused by Clostridium perfringens toxins.

Urinary calculi

The development of mineral stones in the urinary tract of male small ruminants, which can lead to blockage.

Footrot

A contagious bacterial infection of the interdigital tissue and hoof matrix causing severe lameness in sheep and goats.

Pregnancy toxemia/ketosis

A metabolic disorder in late-gestation ewes and does carrying multiples, caused by a negative energy balance.

Equine Hoof Anatomy

1. Bar; 2. White line; 3. Hoof wall; 4. Sole; 5. Frog.

English and Western Saddles

English saddle (left): 1. Stirrup leather, 2. Stirrup iron, 3. Seat. Western saddle (right): 1. Cinch (girth strap), 2. Stirrup, 3. Horn, 4. Cantle.

Bridle and Tack Parts

1. Bridle (headstall); 2. Bit; 3. Reins.

Halter and Lead Rope

1. Halter; 2. Lead rope.

Colt

An intact male horse under four years of age.

Filly

A female horse under four years of age.

Gelding

A castrated male horse of any age.

Light horse

A horse breed standing between 14.2 and 17 hands high and weighing 900 to 1,400 lbs, suited for riding or driving.

Pony

An equine measuring under 14.2 hands (58 inches) at the withers at maturity.

Draft horse

A large, heavy-muscled horse standing 16 to 19 hands high, bred for heavy pulling and agricultural draft work.

Warmblood

An equine cross between heavy draft ('cold-blood') and agile racing ('hot-blood') stock, used for sport disciplines.

Hand

The standard unit of linear measurement for horse height, equal to 4 inches.

Withers

The highest point of the dorsal ridge formed by the thoracic vertebrae of a horse, where height is measured.

Colic

A clinical manifestation of severe abdominal pain in equines, typically originating from digestive tract disorders.

Continuous farrowing

A swine management system where batches of sows farrow continuously throughout the year to maintain steady production.

Gilt

A young female swine that has not yet farrowed a litter.

Barrow

A male swine that was castrated before developing secondary sexual characteristics.

Vertical Integration

A business structure in which two or more successive stages of production, processing, and marketing are owned by one entity.

Thermoneutral Zone

The ambient temperature range within which an animal maintains normal body temperature without additional energy expenditure.

All-in, All-out

A management protocol where groups enter and leave housing units at once, allowing complete cleaning and sanitation between groups.

Pullet

An immature female chicken under one year of age that has not begun to lay eggs.

Cockerel

An immature male chicken under one year of age.

Capon

A castrated male chicken, typically raised to produce tender, specialized meat.

Poult

A young domestic turkey from hatching up to several weeks of age.

Jenny

A young, immature female turkey.

Jake

A young, immature male turkey.

Tom

A mature intact male turkey.

Broiler

A chicken raised specifically for meat production.

Layer

A female chicken raised specifically for commercial table egg production.

In ovo

Procedures, injections, or vaccinations administered directly into the egg during embryonic incubation.

Zoonotic disease

An infectious disease that can naturally transmit between vertebrate animals and humans.

Brooding

The early stage of post-hatch care where young poultry are provided supplemental heat, feed, and water.

Molt

The physiological shedding and regeneration of old feathers in poultry, accompanied by a pause in egg production.

Spent hen

A mature commercial laying hen that has finished her productive egg-laying life cycle.

Queen

An intact, mature female domestic cat used for breeding.

Littering

The act of parturition (giving birth to a litter) in domestic cats.

Bevy

A collective group or aggregation of cats.

Bitch

An intact, mature female domestic dog.

Whelping

The physiological process of parturition (giving birth) in domestic canines.

Kill-shelter

An open-admission animal shelter that may euthanize unadopted or excess animals due to overcrowding or limited resources.

No-kill shelter

A shelter facility committed to avoiding euthanasia of healthy or treatable animals, maintaining a live release rate of at least 90%.

Domestication

The evolutionary and selective process adapting wild animal populations to captive environments and human interaction.

Neotony

The persistence of juvenile physical and behavioral traits into adult life stages.

Scrotum

The external cutaneous sac that suspends, encloses, and assists in thermoregulation of the testicles.

Epididymis

The tortuous tubular structure on the testis responsible for the transport, maturation, and storage of sperm.

Seminal plasma

The acellular liquid vehicle produced by accessory sex glands that nourishes and transports sperm.

Vascular penis

A penis type (e.g., in stallions and dogs) that increases dramatically in size and firmness primarily through blood engorgement.

Fibroelastic penis

A penis type (e.g., in bulls, rams, and boars) composed of dense connective tissue that extends by straightening the sigmoid flexure.

Papillae

Rudimentary male copulatory organs found within the cloacal wall of avian species used to deposit semen.

Zona pellucida

The glycoprotein membrane enclosing the mammalian oocyte, playing an essential role in sperm binding and fertilization.

Oviduct

The fallopian tube connecting the ovary to the uterine horn; the biological site of fertilization.

Cervix

The thick-walled, muscular canal that forms an anatomical seal between the vagina and uterus.

Corpus luteum

The temporary ovarian endocrine tissue formed after ovulation that secretes progesterone to sustain gestation.

Polyestrous

Describing animals that display recurring, consecutive estrous cycles throughout the year (e.g., swine, cattle).

Seasonally polyestrous

Describing animals that exhibit recurring estrous cycles only during a particular season of the year (e.g., sheep, horses).

Anestrous

A state of reproductive dormancy during which a female animal does not exhibit estrous cycles or sexual receptivity.

Artificial insemination

The manual deposition of harvested sperm into the female reproductive tract without copulation.

Embryo transfer

The process of flushing early-stage embryos from a genetically superior donor female and implanting them into recipient females.

In vitro fertilization

The process where oocytes are fertilized by viable sperm outside the body in a laboratory dish.

Placentation

The process of forming vascular connections between the fetal membranes and maternal endometrium.

Gestation

The developmental time interval from conception and implantation to parturition in viviparous animals.

Parturition

The physiological cascade and physical delivery of the fetus and fetal membranes from the uterus.

Dystocia

A difficult, prolonged, or obstructed labor during parturition.

Breech

An abnormal fetal presentation at parturition where the buttocks or hind legs enter the birth canal first.