Chapter 10 - Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Development of self understanding

aged 8 to 11- recognize social characteristics of the self

Self-esteem

global evaluations of the self

Self-concept

domain-specific evaluations of the self

Self-efficacy

the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

High self-efficacy increases the likelihood a child will

expend effort and persist longer at learning tasks

Self-regulation

characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts

What is Erikson's stage during middle and late childhood?

Industry versus inferiority; encouragement builds competence, while criticism can create feelings of inferiority.

What is bullying?

Verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful.

What is the most frequent type of bullying

Belittling someone about their looks or speech.

What are Kohlberg's 3 levels of moral development?

Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional reasoning.

What is preconventional moral reasoning?

Moral decisions are based primarily on external rewards and punishments.

What is conventional moral reasoning?

Moral decisions follow standards established by parents, society, and other authorities.

What is postconventional moral reasoning?

Moral decisions are based on a personally chosen moral code after considering alternatives.

What promotes moral development according to Kohlberg?

Perspective taking, peer interaction, and exposure to moral conflicts and more advanced reasoning.

What are the 5 peer statuses?

Popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.

Dose-response effect

more severe the disaster/trauma (dose), the worse the adaptation and adjustment (response)

Piaget proposed that children move from

heteronomous morality to autonomous morality by 10 years of age

Secure attachment is associated with lower levels of

internalized symptoms of anxiety and depression

Six functions of friendships:

companionship, stimulation, physical support, ego support, social comparison, affection & intimacy

What is the difference between self-esteem and self-concept?

Self-esteem = overall self-worth; self-concept = how you evaluate yourself in specific areas.

What are popular children?

Frequently nominated as best friends and rarely disliked by peers.

What are average children?

Receive an average number of positive and negative peer nominations.

What are neglected children?

Rarely nominated as best friends but not actively disliked.

What are rejected children?

Rarely nominated as best friends and actively disliked by peers.

What are controversial children?

Frequently nominated as both best friends and disliked peers.

What is a fixed mindset?

Believing intelligence and abilities are fixed traits that cannot easily change.

What is a growth mindset?

Believing intelligence and abilities can develop through effort, learning, and practice.