Gen Chem Collection Personal Set

What’s another name for an oxidizing agent?

Oxidant

What’s another name for a Reducing Agent?

Reductant

Anode is the site of

Oxidation

Cathode is the site of

Reduction

For an activity series and determining spontaneity

The species getting oxidized has to be higher up on the activity series list than the element getting reduced to be spontaneous

Galvanic cells are also called

Voltaic cells

What are the characteristics of galvanic (voltaic) cells?

Spontaneous (ΔG<0, Ecell>0)

Produce electricity (like batteries)

Anode is negative and Cathode is positive

Electrons flow from avode to cathode

What are the characteristics of electrolytic cells?

Nonspontaneous (ΔG>0, Ecell<0)

Consumes electricity

Anode is positive, and cathode is negative

Electrons flow from anode to cathode

Why do electrolytic cells need a power source?

To push the electrons to the negatively charged cathode

What would be the products of electrolysis of NaI?

Na and I

How do you determine which species is at the cathode or anode

Compare teh oxidation states before and after electrolysis and see if number is reduced or oxidized and remember that if it’s reduced it’s the cathode and if it’s oxidized it’s the anode

How do you find the standard cell potentials?

E = Ered - Eox

Are heat (q) and work (w) state functions?

No

What are the laws of thermodynamics

1) Conservation of energy

2) For a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe inccreases

What is the equation for the 1st law of thermodynamics?

ΔE = q + w

Adiabatic

No heat allowed in or out

Isothermal

Temp stays constant

Isochoric

No change in volume

Isobaric

Pressure remains constant

For enthalpy of formation you subtract…

Products - Reactants

For bond dissociation energy you subtract…

Reactants - Products

Arrhenius acid

H+ donor

Arrhenius Base

OH- donor

Bronsted Lowry Acid

H+ donor

Bronsted Lowry Base

H+ acceptor

Lewis Acid

Electron acceptor

Lewis Base

Electron donor

If [H+] is 3.2×10^-4, what is the pH?

3.5

Remember the higher the number is in the [H] concentration…

The lower the pH is (i.e. if [H+] = 3.2×10^-5 the pH is 4.5 and if [H+] = 8×10^-5 pH is closer to 4)

What are buffers and what are they made from

They resist changes in pH and are made from weak conjugate acid/conjugate base pair

What are the ways to make a buffer?

1. 1:1 ratio of weak acid and its conj base

2. 2:1 ratio of weak acid with strong base

3. 2:1 ratio of weak base with strong acid

What does the half-equivalence point show in titration

pH = pKa; half analyte is neutralized

What does the equivalence point show in titration

moles of titrant = moles of analyte

What are colligative properties

Properties of solutions that changes with differing solute levels

Vapor Pressure Depression

When the vapor pressure decreases when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in it

What is the equation for vapor pressure depression

What is boiling point elevation

adding a non-volatile solute raises the boiling point of a pure solvent

What is the formula for boiling point elevation

What is freezing point depression

where adding a non-volatile solute lowers the freezing point of a liquid solvent

Freezing point depression formula

Osmotic pressure

the minimum amount of pressure that must be applied to a solution to stop the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane

What does Ksp mean?

Solubility product constant

Maximum limit of dissolved ions a solution can hold at equilibrium

What does Qsp mean?

Solubility product quotient

The amount of ions that are currently dissolved in the solution

How do you calculate solubility?

By using an ICE table and then using the Ksp value to find each value

How do you calculate solubility with the common ion effect?

By using an ICE table and then using the Ksp value to find each value

• But remember to account for the initial concentrations

Waht does the common ion effect state?

States that there will be a reduction in solubility of an ionic compound by adding another substance that shares an ion with the solution

If Qsp<Ksp

The solution is unsaturated, more solid can dissolve and no precipitate will form

If Qsp>Ksp

The solution is supersaturated and the solution cannot hold this many ions so precipitate will form

If Qsp=Ksp

The solution is saturated and the solution is perfectly balanced

What is the effect of complex ion formation on solubility

Increases solubility because it turns one of the common ions into something else

Equilibrium constants are when K = ?

Products over reactants

What do you not include in equilibrium constant expressions?

No solids or liquids

What does Q (reaction quotient) mean

Where the reaction is at the current time

What does K (equilibrium constant) mean

Where the reaction wants to be at equilibrium

What does it mean if Q<K

The reaction will shift right

What does it mean if Q>K

The reaction will shift left

What does it mean if K>>1×10³

It means that the products are favored at equilibrium (more products at eq)

What does it mean if K<<1×10³

It means that the reactants are favored at equilibrium (more reactants at eq)

If delta H is negative, what side of the reaction does heat show up on?

The product side

If the reaction is exothermic which way will it shift the reaction if temperature is increased?

It will shift to the left

Exothermic means heat is a product and delta H is negative

If the reaction is endothermic which way will it shift the reaction if temperature is increased?

to the right

Endothermic means heat is a reactant and delta H is positive

If pressure is increased (or volume is decreased) which way will the reaction shift?

It will shift to the side with less moles of gas

What is the reaction relating ΔG° and Keq

If ΔG°<0 what is Keq

Keq>1

if ΔG°>0 what is Keq

Keq<1

When a reaction is spontaneous the _____ are favored at equilibrium

Products

When a reaction is nonspontaneous the _______ are favored at equilibrium

Reactants

What are rate expressions

Describes how reaction rate relates to changes in reactant or product concentrations over time

What do rate expressions look like

A is the coefficient in the reaction

For rate expressions are reactants engative or positive?

Negative

What is a rate law

Describes how reactant concentrations affect reaction rate

What do rate laws look like

If a reaction is elementary then you can…

Look at the coefficient of the elements in the reaction to determine orders

The rate-determining step is the

Slowest step

To make a rate law you mus tlook at the _____ step

Slowest

A negative delta H means what

Exothermic

A positive delta H means what

Endothermic

The kinetic product has…

Lower activation energy and is favored at lower temperatures

The thermodynamic product has..

lower energy product and is favored at high temps

What is Boyle’s Law

Pressure and Volume are inversely proportional

What is Charle’s Law

Volume and Temperature are directly proportional

What are the assumptions of ideal gases?

Volume of gas is insignificant

No intermolecular attractions (all collisions are elastic)

Avg. kinetic energy is proportional to temperature

What is the ideal gas law equation?

PV=nRT

Effective Nuclear Charge

Net positive pull that the outer valence electrons feel from the protons in the nucleus

For which charged particle is the ionic radius larger than the atomic radius?

Anions

For which charged particle is the ionic radius smaller than the atomic radius?

Cations

Ionization Energy

The energy required to remove an electron

Electron Affinity

The amount of energy released when an electron is added

Electronegativity

An atom’s ability to attract shared electrons towards itself