Patient Care Quiz PPE and Skeletal System

support, protection, storage, manufacturing, movement

5 functions of the skeletal system

support

function of skeletal system involved in bearing the weight of the body

protection

function of the skeletal system involved in encasing essential organs

storage

skeletal system function involved in storing minerals to be released into the bloodstream including storage of fat in yellow bone marrow

manufacturing

skeletal system function involved in producing red and white blood cells from red bone marrow (hematopoeisis)

movement

skeletal system function involved in joints providing movement for the bones

bones

a solid matrix of living cells and fibers surrounded by calcium deposits.

shape

bones are classified by their ____

diaphysis

shaft, long part of bone

epiphysis

ends of long bone

epiphyseal plate

a thin layer of internal cartilage between the diaphysis and epiphysis

articular cartilage

The ends of the ephiphyses are covered with an external layer of cartilage called

function of articular cartilage

provides smooth movement of joints and cushion from shock.

medullary cavity

In the diaphysis of the long bone, a hollow ____ is found.

red

____ bone marrow fills the medullary cavity in young people.

yellow

Age causes the red marrow to be replaced with fatty _____ bone marrow.

fat infiltration

As we age, fat cells begin to occupy the space in bone marrow that was once filled with blood-producing tissue.

reduced hematopoiesis

The percentage of marrow involved in blood cell production drops from about 90% at birth to 50% by age 30, and 30% by age 70.

energy storage

process of yellow marrow acting as an energy reservoir, storing fat that the body can use in times of need.

severe blood loss, reconvert

in cases of ____ or illness, yellow marrow can ___ to red marrow to boost blood cell production.

periosteum

The outer layer of bone is made of tough connective tissue called

muscle, bone

the periosteum is the location of _____ attachment and _____ repair

compact bone

Beneath the periosteum is a thick layer of

spongy bone layer

At the ends of long bones the _____ is beneath the compact bone.

trabeculae

spongy bone is a lattice of _____ (little beams)

resistance, compression

trabeculae are found along lines of stress and compression for perfect ____ from ____

marrow

Between the trabeculae are spaces filled with ____ or blood vessels.

osteons

compact bone is organized in cylinders called

lamellae

osteons are arranged in concentric circles called

haversian canal

lamellae surround a ____ that contains blood vessels and nerves (aka central canal)

Volkmann’s canal

the central canals are connected by _____ running perpendicularly (aka perforating canals)

osteocytes

mature bone cells that make up the majority of the bone structure

canaliculi

connect all bone cells, allowing them to receive nutrients and remove wastes; connect osteocytes

osteoclasts

cells that break down bone

osteoblasts

cells that build bone

cartilage

An embryo’s skeleton is made of

third month, osteoblasts, cartilage

Near the _____ of embryo development, _____ begin to secrete mineral deposits that replace the ____

mature

osteoblasts ___ into osteocytes after the cartilage from an embryo skeleton is converted to bone

ossification

process of incorporating calcium & minerals into cartilage to become bone

primary ossification

occurs during fetal development

secondary ossification

bone formation that occurs during childhood and adolescence

chondrocytes

cartilage producing cells at the epiphyseal plate that divide and deteriorate as the matrix around them calcifies

osteoclasts, acid, medullary cavity

_____ secrete ___ to enlarge the ____ as the bone grows so that marrow is available for all cells.

35%

____ osteoid (made of ground substance & collagen); organic material of bone (percent)

osteoid

Provides the flexibility & tensile strength required to keep bones from constantly breaking.

brittle bone disease

Lack of collagen causes

65%

____ Mineral Salts and Crystalline salts made of hydroxyapatites (percent)

hydroxyapatites

Provides bone strength & hardness.

rickets

lack of hydroxyapatites causes

storage tank

think of your bones as a ____ for calcium

calcitonin

from the thyroid gland that is released when there is too much calcium; stimulates osteoblasts to build bone

parathyroid hormone

from the parathyroid gland that is released when there is too little calcium; stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone

hematoma forms

Blood enters the wound. Cells begin to die. Phagocytes ingest dead bone cells and debris.

callus forms

Blood vessels grow. Cartilage forms to hold the bone together.

callus ossifies

Spongy bone forms to replace the cartilage.

compact bone forms

Osteoclasts form a larger medullary cavity. Spongy bone is converted to compact bone.

axial skeleton

Central axis of the body Skull, ribs, sternum and vertebrae (80 bones)

appendicular skeleton

Pectoral & pelvic girdles Bones of the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulders (126 bones)

vertebral column

extends from the skull to the pelvis and provides support and protects the spinal cord running through it.

33, 5, 4

vertebral column consists of ___ vertebrae at birth, but the ___ sacral vertebrae and ___ vertebrae of the coccyx fuse in adolescence.

intervertebral discs

The remaining vertebrae are separated by _____ that provide cushioning and absorb shock.

convexly, concave

The spine is ____ curved at birth, but two portions (in the cervical and lumbar vertebrae) develop ____ curves later in life.

primary, secondary

The ___ (convex) and ____ (concave) curvatures of the spine allow for better balance and distribution of weight throughout the body.

fibrous joints

Immovable or slightly movable joints held together by fibrous connective tissue

cartilaginous joints

Immovable or slightly movable held together by cartilage

synovial joints

Highly movable joints that contain synovial fluid for frictionless movement

joint capsule

A ____ filled with synovial fluid surrounds the end of the bones in synovial joints

articular cartilage

A synovial membrane and ____ line the synovial joint cavity.

ligaments

connect bone to bone

tendons

connect bone to muscles

standard based precautions

PPE precautions that apply to ALL, regardless of suspected or confirmed infection status.

transmission based precautions

added measures to prevent the spread of disease; used with patients and residents with suspected or confirmed disease; helps break the Mode of Transmission and Portal of Entry links in the chain of infection.

components of standard precautions

Hand hygiene; gloves while handling blood and bodily fluids, safe use and disposal of sharps, respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, clean and reprocess reusable patient equipment, routine environmental cleaning, handle and store waste safely, handle and store linen safely

hand hygiene

hand washing and use of alcohol based hand sanitizer; used before and after touching a patient, handling medical devices, and wound care, and after touching a patient, contact with blood or bodily fluids, and removing gloves

respiratory hygiene

Cover your mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing.

disinfect shared equipment

Shared equipment (vital signs machines, etc.) should be wiped down with disinfectant in between patients per facility policy

linen handling

Linens taken into a patient’s room cannot be used on another patient; Linens that touch the floor or your scrubs should be considered dirty and disposed of

sharps handling

Do not leave sharps like needles or scalpels out unattended; Do not attempt to re-cap sharps; Follow facility protocol; Dispose of sharps in a biohazard sharps container only, not in a regular trash bin.

personal protective equipment

Used to protect healthcare workers by breaking the portal of entry link in the chain of infection; Prevents healthcare workers from transferring disease from patient to patient (mode of transmission); AKA PPE

gown, mask, goggles, gloves

order to don PPE (get me good gelato)

gloves, gown, goggles, mask

order to doff PPE (good gelato given to me)

true

true or false: outsides of gloves, gown, goggles, and mask are contaminated

contact precautions

needed for Clostridium difficile (C.diff) spread by contact with diarrhea, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), draining wounds, contagious skin conditions (scabies)

droplet precautions

needed for seasonal influenza (flu), mild-moderate COVID-19 (no ventilator that could aerosolize particles), pertussis, bacterial pneumonia, common cold (rhinovirus), Strep throat (streptococcus bacteria)

airborne precautions

needed for Measles, Tuberculosis, Chicken Pox, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Severe COVID-19 requiring a ventilator or aerosolized procedure

private room and visitors must wear PPE

isolation for contact and droplet precautions

isolation for airborne precautions

negative pressure isolation room and visitors must wear PPE

PPE for contact precaution

gown, glove, standard precautions

PPE for droplet precaution

Goggles or Face Shield, Mask, Gloves when handling contaminated materials in patients room, Standard Precautions

PPE for airborne precautions

Goggles or Face Shield, NIOSH N95 Mask, Respirator, or PAPR, Gloves when handling contaminated materials in patients room, Standard Precautions