AP Psych : Unit 3 Quiz

Attractiveness Bias

The tendency to see attractive people as more intelligent, moral, competent, and sociable than unattractive people

Stereotypes

Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group

Discrimination

Behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group; An action resulting from prejudice.

Prejudice

A negative attitude held toward members of a group ex. ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism

The belief in the inherent superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture.

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

The view that frustration, or failure to reach a certain desired goal due to circumstance, often leads to aggression, or behavior which intends harm.

Social Norms

The behavioral expectations and cues within a society or group

Explicit (type of social norm)

Taught out loud; you are consciously aware ex. washing your hands

Implicit (type of social norm)

unconsciously know the social norm; don’t walk in saints connector

Advertising is all based on

attitude formation

Liking through association

Associate your favorite food at a restaurant with the hot hostess there.

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Central - central facts and main message Peripheral - associations that aren’t direct (associations through celebrity)

Fundamental Attribution Error (common in individualistic cultures)

(also known as correspondence bias or attribution effect) is the tendency to overestimate the effect of disposition or personality and underestimate the effect of the situation in explaining social behavior

La Pierre’s study

Proven that people’s stated attitudes are different to their behavior

Pluralistic Ignorance

People decide what to do by looking to others

In-Group Bias

The tendency to favor one’s own group; Ingroup- the group that a person belongs to and identifies with

Outgroup

Proximity

Theory of attraction based on geographical nearness

Rewards Theory of Attraction

We will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us and we will continue relationships that offer more rewards than costs

Cognitive Dissonace (“discomfort”)

An unpleasant state of psychological tension that occurs when two thoughts or perceptions are inconsistent. (attitude and behavior conflict)

Self-Serving Bias

Tendency to attribute successful outcomes of one's own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessfulness with external causes

Self-Fufilling Prophecy

An expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true

The Pygmalion Effect

The “Pygmalion effect,” also sometimes known as the “Rosenthal effect” for the psychologist credited with discovering it, is a theory teaching that people will act or behave in the way that others expect them to.

Dispositional (Internal) Attribution

Attributing other’s behavior to internal, personality traits

Situational (External) Attribution

Attributing other’s behavior to outside forces

Contact theory

The idea that bringing opposing groups together to work toward a shared goal reduces prejudice and hostility.

Conformity

Adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group’s standard

Social Facilitation

Tendency for the presence of others to enhance individual performance (good, well-trained skill) but decrease for a less learned skill

The Bystander effect

A phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely an individual is to help.

Scapegoating

The practice of singling out any party for unmerited negative treatment or blame as a scapegoat. Scapegoating may be conducted by individuals against individuals.

Asch Effect

A form of conformity in which a group majority influences individual judgments

Foot in door technique

Technique is based on methods sometimes employed in the past by door-to-door salespeople, who operate on the assumption that if they could just “get their foot in the door” their chance of sales success was high.

Door-in-the-Face Technique

Involves starting big and then “settling”. -ex: to sell most expensive guitar possible you show a custom made model w/ a price affordable only to wealthy buyers, after rejecting the purchase coming down to a lower price is easier for the potential buyer (AKA High Ball Technique)

Reciprocity

The tendency to return favors that others have extended to us

Attribution

Mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior and own behavior; explanation for a particular behavior

Just-World Hypothesis

Assumption that the world is fair and therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they get; tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem or prevented it

Car broken down (internal vs. external attribution)

bc of ignorance of that person (internal) vs. bc of her old car (external)

Bad test grade (stable vs. unstable attribution)

bc of bad luck (stable) vs. bc there was no time to study (unstable)

Mere-Exposure Effect

Repetition is an effective technique for achieving persuasion, which is the same reason why advertisements run so frequently; based on the idea that we have more positive feelings about things to which we are frequently exposed

Reciprocal Liking

Describes the phenomenon of people tending to better like those people who like them. It reflects the notion that people feel better about themselves knowing that they are likable and enjoy the company of those who give them positive feelings

Central Route to Persuasion

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

Attatchment

Harry Harlow (Research on Infant Attachment with Monkeys); A close emotional bond of affection between infant and caregiver.

Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s systematic arrangement of needs according to priority, which assumes that basic needs must be met before less basic needs; from most basic to least: Physiological Needs, Safety Needs, Love/ Belonging Needs, Esteem Needs, Self-Actualization

Altruism

Helping behavior that is not linked to personal gain; recognition and reward are not expected.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to seek information that supports one’s decisions and beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information

Superordinate Goal

Goals that are achieved by the contribution and co-operation of two or more people, with individual goals mutually interdependent of each other; Often performed by “Work Teams”

Social Role

Widely shared expectations about how people in certain positions are supposed to behave

Social Script

A sequence of expected behaviors for a given situation (e.g. the expected behaviors of both “guards” and “prisoners” in the Sanford Prison Experiment

Social Comparison Theory

The idea that people compare themselves with others to understand and evaluate their own behavior

Social Loafing

A reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by themselves

Social Desirability Bias

A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself

Social Psychology

The branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others

Social Support

Various types of aid and help provided by members of one’s social networks

Socialization

The acquisition of the norms, roles, and behaviors expected of people in a particular society

Normative Influence

Influence that operates when people conform to social norms for fear of negative social consequences

Informational Influence

Influence that operates when people look to others for guidance about how to behave in ambiguous situations

Actor-Observor Bias

Attributing your own behavior to situational factors while others attribute your behavior to dispositional factors.

Demand Characteristics

A subtle cue that makes participants aware of what the experimenter expects to find or how participants are expected to behave

Internalization

(Seen in conformity) when a person accepts the views of a group and adopts them as an individual

Matching Hypothesis

The idea that males and females of approximately equal physical attraction are likely to select each other as partner

Individualistic Cultures

Cultures that put personal goals ahead of group goals and define one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships; Cultures in which people are considered fundamentally independent and which value standing out by achieving private goals

Collectivist Cultures

Cultures that put group goals ahead of personal goals and define one’s identity in terms of the groups one belongs to; Cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with ones group is prized above individual goals and wishes

Display Rules

Cultural norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotion

Companionate Love

Warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with our own.

Passionate Love

A complete absorption in another than includes tender sexual feelings and the agony and ecstasy of intense emotions

Consummate Love

Sternberg’s ideal form of love combining passionate,

companionate, and intimate love

Other Race-effect

Tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races

Reciprocal Determinism

Bandura’s theory that internal cognition, environment,

and behavior are mutuall reinforcing

Self-Disclosure

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Triangular theory of Love

Sternberg’s theory of love that dictates that all relationships can

be categorized by any combination of three types of love

Cognitive Consistency

In cognitive dissonance theory, when beliefs and attitudes are not conflicting (they are consistent)

Situationalism

The theory that individual behavior is a direct response of the social situation.

Deindividuation

Immersion in a group to the point that one loses a sense of selfawareness and feels lessened responsibility for one’s actions

Groupthink

The practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility; The tendency of a decision-making group to filter out undesirable input so that a consensus may be reached, especially if it is in line with the leader's viewpoint.

Group Polarization

A phenomenon wherein the decisions and opinions of people in a group setting become more extreme than their original, privately held beliefs. The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the decisions that would be made by the members acting alone;

Compliance

The act or process of doing what you have been asked or ordered to do

Social Inhibition (Impairment)

Lowering of performance on a given task in presence of others; often occurs with tasks that are not well rehearsed

Obedience

Performance of an action in response to the direct orders of an authority or person of higher status

Diffusion of Responsibility

Phenomenon in which the presence of others makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among others

Risky-Shift Phenomenon

Once thought that groups tended to make more dangerous decisions in general than the individual members would have -research suggests it is more accurate to say that the group simply exaggerates the predispositions of the individuals

Halo effect

A cognitive bias in which one's judgments of a person's character can be influenced by one's overall impression of him or her

False-Consensus Effect

Tendency to overestimate extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

Chameleon Effect

We unconsciously mimic others' expressions, postures and voice tones help us feel what they are feeling

Equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it