Genetic Relationships & Tracking

Pedigree chart

A diagram that shows the inheritance of a characteristic or allele through several generations of a family. It can be used to determine possible genotypes and identify patterns of inheritance.

Punnett square

A diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross. It shows the possible combinations of alleles inherited from each parent.

Test cross

A genetic cross used to determine an individual’s unknown genotype. The individual is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual, and the offspring can provide evidence about the unknown genotype.

DNA profiling

A method of comparing patterns of variation in DNA between individuals. It can be used to identify individuals or investigate biological relationships.

DNA sequencing

The process of determining the exact order of bases in a DNA molecule or section of DNA. Comparing sequences can reveal genetic similarities and differences.

DNA barcoding

A method of identifying an organism or species by analysing a standardised short section of its DNA and comparing it with known DNA sequences.

Gene tracking

Using genetic information to follow the inheritance of an allele or characteristic through individuals, families, or generations. Methods can include DNA profiling, DNA sequencing, pedigree analysis, and genome analysis.

Genetic screening

Testing an individual’s genetic material for particular genetic variants or characteristics. It can be used to identify whether certain alleles are present.

Phylogenetic tree

A branching diagram used to represent proposed evolutionary relationships between organisms. Genetic similarities and differences can be used as evidence for these relationships.

Genetic marker

A known DNA sequence or genetic variation that can be recognised and used to track the inheritance of a particular gene or characteristic.

Genetic relationship

A relationship between individuals determined from shared genetic information. The more genetic information two individuals share, the more closely related they may be.