Crime, Legal Procedures, and Punishments Vocabulary

Comprehensive flashcard set covering vocabulary terms related to types of crimes, perpetrators, courtroom procedures, legal participants, investigative processes, and penal sanctions from the lecture notes.

Criminal

A person who has committed a crime (kriminalec).

Offender

A person who commits an illegal act, infraction, or violation (storilec prekrška).

Culprit

The person responsible for a crime, misdeed, or fault in general (storilec nasplošno).

Felon

A person who has committed a serious crime known as a felony (prestopnik; felony = hudo kaznivo dejanje).

Theft

The act of stealing property (tatvina or kraja); the person who commits theft is a thief (plural: thieves / kradljivec).

Robbery

The crime of stealing from a person or place using violence or intimidation (rop); the perpetrator is a robber, and the action is to rob.

Heist

A major robbery, burglary, or armed holdup (rop); as a verb, to heist means to carry out a robbery.

Loot

Stolen money or valuable goods taken by force (plen); as a verb, to loot means to plunder or steal goods during a riot, war, or disaster (pleniti).

Pickpocket

A person who steals money or wallets directly from someone's pocket or bag (žepar); the verb form is to pickpocket (žepariti).

Shoplifting

The illegal act of taking goods from a store without paying for them (kraja v trgovini); the offender is a shoplifter (tat v trgovini).

Burglary

The illegal entry into a building with the intent to commit a crime, especially theft (vlomitev); the offender is a burglar (vlomilec), and the verb is to burgle (vlomiti).

Arsonist

A person who deliberately and unlawfully sets fire to buildings, vehicles, or property (požigovalec).

Mugger

A person who attacks or threatens someone in a public street in order to rob them (ulični ropar).

Repeat offender

A recidivist who repeatedly commits criminal offenses after previous convictions (povratnik; nekdo, ki ponavlja kazniva dejanja).

Junior delinquent

A teenage or underage minor who commits crimes (mladoletni prestopnik; also referred to as a teenage criminal).

Hate crime

A criminal act motivated by hostility or bias based on characteristics such as race, religion, or sexual orientation (zločin iz sovraštva).

Minor crime

A petty offense or minor infraction, including violations such as speeding, jaywalking, or running a red light.

Jaywalking

The unlawful act of crossing a street where crossing is prohibited or outside of a designated crosswalk (prečkanje ceste, kjer se ne sme).

Speeding

The traffic infraction of driving a vehicle faster than the posted legal speed limit (prekoračiti hitrost / prehitra vožnja).

Blackmailing

Demanding money or concessions from someone by threatening to reveal harmful or embarrassing information about them (izsiljevanje; the person is a blackmailer).

Kidnapping

The crime of abducting and unlawfully holding a person captive against their will (ugrabitev oseb; the perpetrator is a kidnapper).

Hijacking

The unlawful seizure and control of a vehicle, airplane, or boat by force (ukrasti letalo ali čoln; the perpetrator is a hijacker).

Hostage

A person seized and held captive to force others to fulfill specific demands (talec; 'take people hostage' = vzeti ljudi za talce).

Human trafficking

The unlawful trade, recruitment, and exploitation of human beings (preprodaja ljudi).

Smuggling

The illegal transportation of goods or persons across a border into or out of a jurisdiction (tihotapljenje; the person is a smuggler).

Vandalism

The deliberate destruction, defacement, or damage of public or private property (vandalizem).

Corporal punishment

Punishment that involves physical force intended to cause pain or injury to the body (telesno kaznovanje).

Community service

Mandatory unpaid work beneficial to the public assigned by a court as an alternative to prison (družbenokoristno delo / javna dela).

Sanction / Reprimand

An official disciplinary warning or penalty imposed for misconduct or violation of rules (ukor).

Solitary confinement

A strict form of imprisonment where an inmate is isolated alone in a separate cell without contact with other prisoners (samica / osamitev v zaporu).

Probation

A period of supervised release and monitoring of an offender's good behavior instead of or following incarceration (poskusna doba / pogojni izpust pod nadzorom).

Suspended sentence

A legal penalty where the offender is sentenced to prison but the punishment is withheld and not served as long as they do not commit another crime (pogojna kazen).

Capital punishment

The legally authorized execution or death penalty imposed on a person convicted of a capital offense (smrtna kazen / execution).

Bail

The temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial, secured on condition that a sum of money is deposited (varščina; 'release on bail' = izpustitev proti varščini).

Fine

A sum of money exacted as a penalty for an offense or misdemeanor (denarna kazen / globa).

Plaintiff

The individual or legal entity that initiates a lawsuit and brings legal action against another in a court of law (tožnik; oseba, ki vloži tožbo).

Defendant

The individual or entity accused of a crime in a criminal proceeding or being sued in a civil lawsuit (obtoženec oziroma toženec / the accused).

Prosecutor

The legal representative who officially conducts the criminal proceedings on behalf of the state against the accused (tožilec).

Jury

A sworn body of citizens convened to render an impartial verdict officially submitted to them by a court on a legal question (porota; an individual member is a juror).

Verdict

The formal finding or decision made by a jury or judge at the conclusion of a trial (razsodba; 'The jury delivered the verdict').

To acquit

To deliver a formal judicial verdict declaring that the accused person is not guilty of the criminal charges (oprostiti; the noun is acquittal = oprostitev / odpustitev).

Extenuating circumstances

Factors or mitigating conditions, such as the offender being younger than 18, that partially explain the action and lessen the severity of the punishment (olajševalne okoliščine).

Incontrovertible evidence

Facts, physical items, or documentation that are indisputable and impossible to deny or disprove (neizpodbitni dokazi).

Inquiry

An official, comprehensive investigation or formal examination conducted to uncover facts regarding an offense or incident (preiskava; e.g., 'to mount a full-scale inquiry').

House search

A legal inspection and search of an individual's private residence conducted by law enforcement authorities looking for evidence (hišna preiskava).

Disarmament

The act of withdrawing, seizing, or surrendering weapons and military equipment (razorožitev; verb: to disarm / disarmed = razorožiti).

Coroner

A public official responsible for investigating violent, sudden, suspicious, or unexplained deaths (mrliški oglednik).

Autopsy

A specialized post-mortem examination performed on a corpse to determine the exact cause of death (obdukcija trupla).

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

The primary federal law enforcement agency and domestic intelligence service of the United States (zvezni urad za preiskovanje).

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

The civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government tasked with gathering covert intelligence (agencija, ki skrbi za tajne zadeve).