anatomy 3.4 - the cell interior (expected learning outcomes)

cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments and cylinders

what is the function of the cytoskeleton?

cell shape, supports structure, organizes cell contents, directs movement of materials within cell, contributes to movements of the cell as a whole

what is the cytoskeleton composed of?

microfilaments, intermediate fibers, microtubules

what are organelles

Internal structures of a cell, carry out specialized metabolic tasks

what is the nuclear envelope’s structure

double membrane around nucleus

what is the nuclear envelope function

regulate molecular traffic through envelope, holds 2 membrane layers together

nucleoplasm is the

material in nucleus

endoplasmic reticulum is

the system of channels enclosed by the membrane

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum structure

parallel flattened sacs covered with ribosomes

what are the rough ER functions?

produces phospholipids and proteins of nearly all cell membranes synthesizes proteins that are packaged in other organelles

ribosomes structure

small granules of protein and RNA

ribosomes function

read coded genetic messages (RNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code

Golgi complex structure

system of cisterns that synthesizes carbohydrates and puts finishing touches on protein synthesis

Golgi complex function

receives new proteins from ER

lysosomes structure

package of enzymes bound by a membrane

lysosome functions

Intracellular hydrolytic digestion of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids, and other substances

autophagy

digestion of cell’s surplus organelles

autolysis

“cell suicide”: digestion of surplus cell by itself

peroxisomes

resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are produced by endoplasmic reticilum

peroxisomes function

break down toxic substances, metabolize fats, and handle dangerous chemical byproduct

Proteasomes

follow cylindrical organelle that disposes of surplus proteins

proteasome function

Contain enzymes that break down tagged, targeted proteins into short peptides and amino acids

mitochondria

organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP

mitochondria function

energy is extracted from organic molecules and transferred into ATP

centriole

a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each

centriole function

help organize the cell's skeletal system and guide cell division

2 kinds of cell inclusions

stored cellular products and foreign bodies

stored cellular products

Glycogen granules, pigments, and fat droplets

foreign bodies

Viruses, intracellular bacteria, dust particles, and other debris phagocytized by a cell