Cell Respiration Vocab

Acetyl CoA

also referred to as coenzyme A

the product of pyruvate oxidation, a highly reactive compound, will feed its acetyl group into the citric acid cycle

Aerobic

oxygen consumed as a reactant along with organic fuel

most effective catabolic pathway

most euk. many pro can carry out

Alcohol Fermentation

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps the first step releases carbon dioxide from the pyruvate which is converted to the two carbon compound acetaldehyde  in the second step acetaldehyde is reduced by nadh  to ethanol. this NAD+ Regeneration is needed for glycolysis to continue. Bacteria and yeast

Anaerobic

Some prokaryote cells Use substances other than oxygen As reactants in a similar process that Harvest chemical energy without oxygen

ATP Synthase

Protein complexes in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

the enzyme that actually makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

works like ion pump

Cellular Respiration

both anaerobic and aerorobic

often used to refer to aerobobic process

the aerobic process in which cells break down oxygen and glucose to create ATP

Chemiosmosis

couplees electron transport to ATP synthesis

This process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across the membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP

Cytochromes

most of the remaining electron carriers between ubiquinone and oxygen

protein

have heme group

ETC has several different versions of them

Electron transport chain

Consists of a number of molecules, mostly proteins, built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells in the plasma membrane of a aerobically respiring prokaryote.

Facultative anaerobes

Organisms including yeast and many bacteria can make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration.Our muscle cells behaves as these 

Fermentation

catabolic process

partial degradation of sugar or other organic fuel that occurs with out use of oxygen

Glycolysis

sugar splitting

occurs in the cytosol

begins degradation process by breaking down glucose into molecules of pyruvate

Krebs cycle

breakdown of glucose to CO2 is complete

inside mitochondrial matrix

metabolic furnace that oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate

Lactic acid fermentation

Pyruvate is reduced directly by nadh to form lactate as an end product with no release of carbon dioxide 

Human muscles make ATP using this when oxygen is scarce, during strenuous exercises 

cheese

NAD

NAD+ nicotinamide

oxidized form

electron carrier

coenzyme

electrons usually first passed to

cycle easily between oxidized and reduced States functions as an oxidizing agent during respiration also traps electrons from glucose and other organic molecules 

Oxidative Phosphorylation

ATP synthesis

powered by redox reactions of the ETC

enrgy released in each step of chain is stored in the form of the mitochondrion (or pro) can use to make ATP from ADP

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

mechanism that causes small amount of ATP formed directly in a few reactions of glycolysis and citric acid cycle

some ATP made by direct transfer of a phosphate group from organic substrate to ADP by an enzyme

ATP synthesis

Pyruvate

the ionized form of pyruvic acid

end product of glycolysis

bridge

3 carbon molecule

ATP

Releases free energy when it's phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed this energy is used to drive endurogonic  reactions in the cell

ADP

lower energyy, drained battery

recycled into ATP during cellular respiration

two phosphate groups

after ATP releases energy it becomes ADP

Pi

single phosphate that breaks off from ATP to create energy

added to ADP by enzyme action to form ATP (doesn’t need proton gradient)

Oxidation of pyruvate

transitional stage of aerobic cellular respiration

converts a 3-carbon pyruvate molecule into a 2-carbon acetyl group

attached to Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), releasing a molecule of CO2 and reducing NAD+ to NADH in the mitochondrial matrix.

NADH

Nicotinamide (reduced form)

a high-energy electron carrier molecule that acts as a coenzyme in cellular respiration.

picks up electrons from break down of glucose and drops them off at ETC

proton motive force

The H+ Gradient that results fromHow the electron carriers are especially arranged in the inner mitochondrial membrane in such a way that H+ is accepted from the mitochondrial Matrix and deposited in the intermembrane space.