PBT 2 tophat + gamified session + kahoots

What is the alternative name for the sympathetic nervous system?

Thoracolumbar outflow

All of the following responses are mediated by activation of the parasympathetic nervous system except one. Which one is that exception?

bronchial relaxation

Atropine is expected to exert all of the following effects EXCEPT..... Which one  of the following responses is that exception?

Increased salivation

Pirenzepine is a selective M1 receptor antagonist. Which of the following effect would you expect to observe following its administration?

Decrease in gastric acid secretion

One would expect _______ of the smooth muscle of the bronchi following inhalation of ipratropium in patients suffering from COPD.

dilation

Which one of the following enzyme is the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of NE?

Tyrosine hydroxylase

If in the adrenal medulla, the enzyme phenethanolamine-N-methyltransferase is missing. Which of these neurotransmitters will be found in the adrenal medulla?

NE alone

Reserpine was used to treat hypertension but due to depletion of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and NE, it would induce depression and thus nowadays safer anti-hypertensive drugs are used. What is the primary mechanism of action of this drug to cause depletion of neurotransmission?

Block Vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)

Which one of the following pathways is the major pathway for the removal of NE from the synaptic cleft?

Uptake-1 (uptake of NE to the presynaptic terminal)

How can you block the reflex tachycardia induced by administration of an alpha adrenergic antagonist?

Add a beta-1 antagonist to the regimen

If one blocks the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, there will be _________

in NE synthesis.

decrease

Can you write the name of a drug that blocks both alpha-1 and beta-1 receptor?

Labetalol

Which one of the following effects is not expected following administration of a non-selective beta blocker?

increase blood glucose

What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node?

heart’s pacemaker

Which ion is primarily responsible for the depolarization phase in the AV node?

Ca2+

Ion mainly responsible for depolarization in a regular myocyte?

Na+

What does an electrocardiogram (ECG) measure?

Electrical activity of the heart

What is the role of the atrioventricular (AV) node in cardiac conduction?

To delay the electrical impulse

Which of the following describes the Frank-Starling law?

The force of contraction increases with increased ventricular filling

Which structure in the heart is responsible for the most rapid propagation of electrical signals?

Purkinje fibers

What is the main function of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump in cardiac cells?

To maintain the resting membrane potential

Which ion channel is only active during the plateau phase in cardiac action potentials?

Calcium channels

Which of the following best describes the term "chronotropy"?

Speed of contraction

Which ion is primarily responsible for the repolarization phase in cardiac action potentials?

K+

What is the primary role of calcium in cardiac muscle contraction?

To facilitate the interaction between actin and myosin

Which part of the ECG represents ventricular depolarization?

QRS complex

What is the role of SERCA in cardiac contraction?

To pump Ca²⁺ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

If a patient has a polymorphisms in calsequestrin that reduces its affinity for Ca2+, then which of the following is a likely scenario?

SERCA expression will increase to help pump excess Ca2+ back into the SR.

Epinephrine stimulation of your heart speeds up cardiac relaxation.

True

Identify via clicking on the left most ECG trace, where phase 2 of the ventricular AP occurs.

ST segment

Which of the following is a feature of the lymphatic system?

It transports water from the blood back to the hearts

Blood primarily flows to the brain through which arteries?

Carotid arteries

Which of the following substances can pass through the blood-brain barrier?

Glucose

What is one of the functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

It keeps the external ions constant

What is the primary function of the skin vasculature?

Thermoregulation

What do baroreceptors primarily sense?

Blood pressure

What happens to fluid movement if the hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries increases?

Fluid movement increases

What is the primary function of P-glycoprotein in the blood-brain barrier?

To pump out unwanted compounds

Which side of the heart contracts with less force, affecting coronary blood flow?

Right side

What causes redness in the skin?

Local vasodilation

What causes redness in the skin?

Local vasodilation