GEOG 20: Intro to Globalisation

- currently updated through Week 5

Capitalism Models

Land - Labor - Capital

Production - Consumption - Exchange

Normative

What should be

Positive

What is

Types of Understanding

Normative

Positive

Praxis

Linking theory and practice

Explain the U-Turn in Globalization Discourse

Before:

• liberals were against globalisation (concerns of peace, climate, conservation, etc., focused on impacts on Global South)

• conservatives were pro globalisation for economic benefits on Global North

Now:

• liberals are pro-globalisation

• conservatives are anti globalisation (concerns about impacts in Global North, fear of jobs being outsourced/wages cut)

Reasons:

• Global North got limited gains in recent era of globalisation

• global upper middle class + poorest 5% of worlds population lost most

• increased global trade has played role in economic stagnation + decline for people in the north

Hermeneutic Hypothesis

scientists are inside the experiment, and part of the world

• no pure subjectivity or objectivity

Social Hypothesis

we are not abstract individuals, inter-related, we are a product of our interactions

Structural Hypothesis

relations are shaped by subterranean structures

• ex. racism, capitalism

Epistemic Hypothesis

thoughts and ideas are shaped by the structures we have

• this differs across time and space

Praxis hypothesis

all humans are thinkers and doers, how people make sense of the world and try to change it, the link between theory and action

axioms

foundational assumptions for logic

intersectionality

overlapping social identities + impact on lived experiences

intra-

within

• intranational - events within a country

inter-

among, between

• international - between multiple countries

pluralism

thinking multiply

multiple groups engaging/taking part in governance

Metabolic rift

Past: work and food were tied together

Current: work and food separate, to get food you must sell labour

capitalism

production/exchange/consumption cyclea

accumulation

constant reinvesting in capitalist cycled

dispossession

linked to rise of exclusionary property rights, removing people from the land

removal of ability to own tools/land

• privatization, expropriation, enclosure

commons

shared rights - land, reproductive labor, cropsc

commodification

process in which LLC can be exchanged in the market

Process of commodification

Land: exclusionary private property - space as a commodity

Labor: landless, waged labour - time as a commodity

Capital: landlord/renters

forced off land and into waged labor

Trans-Atlantic Shipping LLC

Land: plantation zones, infrastructure of shipping

Labour: chattel slavery, waged labour, indentured/impressed labour

Capital: plantation capital, shipping capital, finance + insurance capital, manufacturing capital

Types of Enclosure + Explanation

Space: removal of peasants from commons, making exclusionary private property

Time: puritanical abolition of pagan holidays, discipline of clock, waged labour

Body: child stealing, burning of witches

Knowledge: guilds, knowledge production in hierarchal institutions M

Maritime state

controlling merchant companies, shipping industry, banks and state

epistemic violence

violence of knowledge

ontological

philosophy of being

• who are we?

epistemological

philosophy of knowing

• how do we think?

Monstrosity

• othering

• change of being

• moral justification for exploitation

Mercantile Capital

• Buy/sell

• Force populations to make things/build systems

  • marketing across spaces

Industrial capital

capital used to bring labor/resources/materials to make more things

• ports, docks

financial capital

money markets, betting on the future

• Wall Street, Royal Stock exchange

Capital accumulation

profits from the system go back into the system to grow it

• M → C →M’

Differentiation

the world becomes more different

• capitalism impacts locations/people differently

Mode of Production

relation of production/exchange/consumption

• presents as accumulation of commodities

Unity in contradiction

use (qualitative) - relationship to the object, what you get from having it

exchange (quantitative) - numerical value of buying it

Ex: pen

Marx theory of capitalism

→C→M→C →Idle labor → → state

the commodity CRISIS → credit

_ →M →C→M’ →Idle capital → → new geographies

Agrarian transitions

• disposses, landless labor

• capitalist landlords/tenant farmers

different in different locations

unfree labour

people stuck in place, can’t leave easily