Science Ch 14 Outline

Definition of Temperature

A measure of how hot or cold something is; specifically, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object

All particles have ______ _______

Kinetic Energy

All particles in a substance are constantly _____

Moving

As the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object increases, the objects ________ increases

Temperature

Common thermometers rely on ______

Expansion

Most substances ______ when their temperatures increase

Expand

Definition of Thermometer

An instrument that measures and indicates temperature

What three temperature scales are commonly used?

• Fahrenheit

• Celsius

• Kelvin

On Fahrenheit scale, when does water freeze?

32 degrees

On Fahrenheit scale, when does water boil?

212 degrees

On Celsius scale, when does water freeze?

0 degrees

On Celsius, when does water boil?

100 degrees

The Kelvin scale is based on absolute ____

Zero

Definition of Absolute Zero

The temperature at which molecular energy is at a minimum

The feeling associated with temperature different results from energy ______

transfer

Definition of Heat

The energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures

The transfer of energy as heat takes place from something at a _____ temperature to something at a ______ temperature

Higher, Lower

The _____ the difference in the temperatures of the two object, the _______ the energy will be transferred as heat

Greater, Faster

What three ways can heat energy be transferred?

• Conduction

• Convection

• Radiation

Conduction occurs between objects in _____ _____

Direct contact

Definition of Thermal Conduction

The transfer of energy as heat through a material

Convection results from the movement of ____ ____

Warm Fluids

Definition of conductor

A material through which energy can be easily transferred as heat

Definition of insulator

A material that transfers energy poorly

Gases are very poor _____ _______

Heat conductors

Metals are examples of ______

Conductors

Plastics are examples of ________

Insulators

Definition of specific heat

Describes how much energy is required to raise an object’s temperature

Specific heat can be used to find out how much ______ it takes to raise an object’s temperature

energy

While a substance is melting or boiling, the temperature does not _____

change

1st law of thermodynamics states that. . .

the total energy used in any process is conserved

2nd law of thermodynamics states that . . .

The energy transferred as heat always moves from an object at a higher temperature to an object at a lower temperature

Definition of Entropy

A measure of the randomness or disorder of a system

If entropy _____, less energy is in a usable form

increases

Definition of Heat Engine

A machine that transforms heat into mechanical energy, or work

Definition of Radiation

The transfer of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves