Feeds Midterm

In the US, annual production of livestock feeds is influenced by four major factors

Cost of fuel, Fertilizer, Equipment, Environmental conditions

Nutrient

They are complex molecules that form the building blocks of all animal tissues.

What are the six nutrients?

Water, carbohydrates, lipid (fats), protein, minerals, vitamins

Which livestock production segments consume the most amount of feed?

1. Poultry, 2. Swine, 3. Dairy cattle, 4. Beef cattle

What is the percent of feed costs in a livestock production business?

50%- 80%

Global meat animal has what since the 1960'S?

Increased

What is a nutrient requirement?

It is the the amount of nutrients a animal needs to eat to meet a specific physiological need.

What are some specific nutrient requirement for?

Maintenance, reproduction

A specific level of growth, milk production, work, wool or mohair production.

What is a feedstuff?

It is a component of a diet.

What are some characteristics of a feedstuff?

A component of a diet with a useful function or is a vitamin/mineral or contains one or more nutrient or modifies the feed characteristics.

What is a IFN?

The international number of a feedstuff.

Which number of a IFN indicates a specific category of a feedstuff?

1st

What is the key to the 1st number of a IFN?

1. Roughage 2. Pasture 3. Silages 4. Energy feeds 5, protein supplement 6. Mineral supplement 7. Vitamin supplement 8. Non-nutritive feed additive

What is on a commercial feed tag?

Product name & brand, Net weight, instructions, guaranteed analysis, list of ingredients, warnings, manufacture (both name and address)

What are the approved feed ingredients for a commercial livestock feed?

Forage products, grain products, plant protein products, processed grain by products, animal protein products, roughage products, poultry manure, urea, molasses,

Nutritional value of any feed is based on only what?

The DM (dry matter)

DM weight is always what then as feed weight because of water?

Less

How do you convert as-fed to DM?

Multiply the pounds of feed times the percent DM.

How to convert DM to as- fed?

Divide pounds of DM by percent of feedstuff

What are the seven different methods of determing how well a nutrient is used by livestock?

Chemical analysis, digestion trials, balance trials, feeding trials, physical appearance, farming practices, estimated energy values

Which method uses energy, protein or urea?

Balance trials

Which method evaluates actual livestock production?

Feeding trials

Which method is called proximate analysis?

Chemical analysis

Name a method that is useful but not accurate?

Physical appearance

Which method which compares feed in and mature out?

Digestible trials

Which method considers the costs of the feedstuffs?

Farming practices

What does the energy flow diagram contain?

Gross energy, fecal energy , digestible energy, gas and urine energy, metabolizable energy, heat increments, Net energy, maintain , production

How do you get from gross energy to digestible energy?

By subtracting fecal energy

How do you get from digestible energy to metabolizable energy?

By subtracting gas's and urine energy

How do you get from metabolizable energy to net energy?

By subtracting Heat increments

What does net energy get used for?

Maintenance and production

Fat has what more energy than carbohydrates?

2.25 times more energy

When do commercial pork producers typically wear piglets?

21 - 28 days

What is the maximum milk production by both beef and dairy females called?

Peak lactation

What is a negative energy balance?

It is when a female is producing milk and her body needs a lot more energy than she can consume. She becomes skinner.

What livestock anatomy is similar to humans.

Swine

What does a pigs anatomy consist of.

Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine

The swines stomach consists of what parts?

Cardia opening, esophageal region, cardiac gland region, funding glad region, pyloric gland region and pylorus closing.

The pigs stomachs opening and closing do what when transferring material?

When one opens the other contracts and closes.

The esophageal region has what?

No secretions

The cardiac region has what?

Mucous secreations

The pyloric region has what?

Mucous secretions

The pyloric region has what?

Mucous secretions

The small intestine of a pig has three parts what are they?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

What is the duodenum?

A relatively short segment where the bulk of digestive activities occurs. Also pancreatic and gall bladder secretions enter there.

What does the pancreatic amylases do?

Carbohydrate digestion

What does the pancreatic peptidases do?

Protein digestion

What does Bile do?

Digest fats (emulsification)

What do the jejunum and ileum do?

They are the major sights of nutrient absorption. Jejunum is first then the ileum is at the end of the SI.

In pigs where do carbohydrates and amino acids go straight through using the hepatic portal system?

The Liver

What is the surface of the small intestine made up of?

Valvulae, villi, Microvilli

Why are there valvulae, villi, and microvilli in the small intestine in swine?

To help increase surface area.

The biggest part of the surface of the small intestine is what?

Valvulae

The smallest part of the surface of the small intestine is what?

Microvilli

The large intestine is swine is made up of what?

Colon and cecum

What does the colon do in swine?

It is where water absorption happens and the fermentation of structural carbohydrates and bacterial synthesis of vitamins K & B.

What does the anatomy of a chicken consist of?

Esophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, cecum, large intestine

What is different from chickens anatomy compared to others?

They have two cecums.

What does the beak do in a chickens digestive system?

They have no teeth or lips so no mastication or prehension. They also have no taste.

What does the crop do?

Stores food

What is the proventriculus?

It is a chickens stomach basically. It has a rapid rate of passage. It also has enzyme and acid secretions.

What does the gizzard do?

It helps break down food by grinding it down using muscles. Hydrolytic and enzymatic digestion take place here as well.

What is the SI in chickens?

Same as swine in structure and function.

What do the paired cecum do in chickens?

Fermentation occurs

What does the LI do in chickens?

It is relatively small so limited fermentation occurs.

What does the digestive system of ruminant livestock include?

Esophagus, forget, small intestine, cecum, large intestine

What does the mouth and tongue do in ruminants?

Help grab food, help making prehension more controlled makes saliva.

What does saliva do?

Helped produce lubrication, buffering and bloat prevention.

What does the esophagus do in a ruminant?

It is a sigmoid S shaped. It is able to move feed forward and reverse. Basically bring it up and down from the stomach.

What is the forgut made up of?

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum.

What does the reticulum do?

It is where regurgitation and eructation occur by using muscle contractions. It is a honeycomb like structure. It is open with the rumen. Most anterior segment of forgut. It is where the reticular groove is at also.

What is the reticular groove also known as esophageal groove?

It is located on the right wall of the reticulum it is a tube that allows milk to go straight into the omasum. This is because the milk would spoil in the rumen. Is used mostly in babies.

What is the rumen?

It is the site of microbial fermentation. Its surface is full of papillae which help it increase surface area. It is the perfect habitat for bacteria, fungi, Protozoa and viruses which all live in there.

What microbe in the rumen has more in one gram then people on earth?

Bacteria

What microbes are in the rumen?

Bacteria, Protozoa, fungi, viruses

What are VFAs?

They are acetate, propionate, and butyrate. They are the results of fermentation of carbohydrates and amino acids. They are absorbed across the rumen wall and provide 70% of the energy required by ruminants.

What do dead microbes provide a ruminant with?

They are the main source of protein.

What do dead microbes provide a ruminant with?

They are the main source of protein.

What does the omasum do?

It is where water & electrolytes are absorbed. It is also called the many piles. People eat it as tripe or panda.

What does the abomasum to?

It is the gastric stomach. Also called the true stomach. Its functions are similar to a monograstric stomach. It is the only forgut compartment with secretory tissues. Hydrologic and enzymatic digestion happen here.

What does the SI and LI do in ruminants?

Same structures and functions to swine.

What does the cecum do in ruminants?

It is larger compared to monograstrics. It is a relatively large contribution to fermentation digestion.

What is the digestive system of a horse include?

Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, ventral colon, dorsal colon, small colon, rectum

What two parts is the ventral colon consisted of in horses?

Left ventral colon and right ventral colon.

What does the small intestine do in horses?

It is similar in structure and function to swine.

What does the cecum, ventral colon and dorsal colon?

They are the major site of fermentative digestion. Volatile fatty acid production and absorption. No availability of microbial cell protein because fermentation is post gastric.

What does the small colon and rectum do in horses?

It is where water and electrolytes are absorbed.

Why is hydrolytic digestion?

It is the process of using water to break large food molecules down into tiny, simple pieces that your body can absorb. It is a chemical reaction where you add a water molecule to break a chemical bond with a polymer and split it into smaller monomers.

What is enzymatic digestion?

A process where your body uses specific protein catalyst basically enzymes to break down food molecules.

What is fermentation digestion?

A metabolic process where living organisms called microbes break down and oxidize organic substrates.c

Young people as you are must understand livestock feed and feeding because this will …. Globally as we will globally consume… animal based protein between 2026 and 2050.

Increase , more

Every feedstuff contains the differing amounts of nutrients?

True

Nutrients can be co-factors for vital biochemical reactions in the animal body?

True

Both lipids and carbohydrates can be used to supply energy in an animal diets?

True

Animals need a specific amount of nutrients for maintenance, reproduction, and growth. As well as eggs, mohair, wool, and milk production?

True

A free to you, NRC contains composition of feedstuffs and animal requirements.

False it’s not free

The IFN can be used globally and consists of 8 different numbered categories to describe feedstuffs.

True

Production agriculture has become a low technology using and a high percentage profit business.

False

Currently there are not too many small farms/ranches and not to many large corporate types farms/ranches with many medium sized farms/ranches in between.

False

In the US yearly animal feed production is influenced by?

Government regulations, current and future value of grain crops, environmental conditions, the expense of buying fertilizers, fuel, and farm equipment.